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HSC 308: Exam #1 > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

0
Q

organization of nervous system - CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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1
Q

general nervous system functions

A

control of the internal environment
voluntary control of movement
programming spinal cord reflexes
assimilation of experiences necessary for memory and learning

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2
Q

organization of nervous system - PNS

A

neurons outside the CNS

sensory and motor division

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3
Q

PNS - sensory division

A

afferent fibers transmit impulses from receptors to CNS

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4
Q

PNS - motor division

A
  • efferent fibers transmit impulses from CNS to effector organs
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5
Q

organization of the nervous system - interneurons

A

2/3 of the body
the neurons inbetween (no a/efferent)
do most of thinking with interneurons

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6
Q

afferent nerves

A

signals into PNS

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7
Q

efferent fibers

A

signals away from PNS

somatic motor and autonomic

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8
Q

structure of a neuron

A

cell body - contains the nucleus
dendrites - conducts impulses towards cell body
axon - carries electrical impulse away from cell body
synapse - contact points between axon of one neuron and dendrite of another neuron
- the communication point

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9
Q

saltation

A

jumping from node to node on an axon

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10
Q

multiple sclerosis and nervous system function

A
  • neurological disease that destroys myelin sheaths of axons
  • has genetic component
  • due to immune attack on myelin
  • results in progressive loss of nervous system function
  • autoimmune disease
  • exercise can improve functional capacity
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11
Q

electrical activity in neurons

A
  • neurons are an “excitable tissue”
  • irritability
  • conductivity
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12
Q

irritibility

A

ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it to a neural impulse

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13
Q

conductivity

A

transmission of the impulse along the axon

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14
Q

resting membrane potential

A
  • (-) charge inside cells at rest (-5 to -100, -40 to -75 in neurons)
  • determined by permeability of plasma membrane to ions and difference in ion concentrations across membrane
  • maintained by sodium-potassium pump
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15
Q

macronutrients

A
  • carbohydrates, fats, proteins
  • 4 kcal per gram - carbs and fats
  • 9 kcal per gram - protein
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16
Q

Action Potential

A
  • occurs when a stimulus of sufficient strength depolarizes the cell (- to +)
    • opens Na+ channels and Na+ diffuses into cell (inside becomes more (+))
  • repolarization
  • all-or-none law
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17
Q

action potential - repolarization

A
  • return to resting membrane potential
  • K+ leaves the cell rapidly (+ to -)
  • Na+ channels close
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18
Q

action potential - all or none law

A
  • once a nerve impulse is initiated, it will travel the length of the neuron
  • it either fires or it doesnt, no in-between
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19
Q

Neurotransmitters and synaptic transmission: synapse

A

small gap between presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron

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20
Q

neurotransmitters and synaptic transmission - neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger released from presynaptic membrane

  • binds to receptor on postsynaptic membrane
  • causes depolarization of postsynaptic membrane
21
Q

neurotransmitters and synaptic transmission - EPSP

A

increases the chance that the next neuron will fire

  • causes depolarization
  • temporal (time) summation
    • summing several EPSPs from one presynaptic neuron
22
Q

neurotransmitters and synaptic transmission - spatial summation

A

summing from several different presynaptic neurons

23
Q

neurotransmitters and synaptic transmission - IPSP

A

causes hyperpolarization

24
Q

sensory information and reflexes - proprioceptors

A

provide CNS with information about body position

- located in joints and muscles

25
Q

sensory information and reflexes - kinesthesia

A

conscious recognition of the position of body parts

- limb movement rates

26
Q

sensory information and reflexes - joint proprioceptors

A

free nerve endings: sensitive to touch and pressure
Golgi-type receptors: ligaments and around joints
Pancian corpsuscles: in tissues around joints

27
Q

sensory information and reflexes - muscle proprioceptors

A 
provide sensory feedback to nervous system
  - tension development by muscle
  - account of muscle length
         muscle spindle
         golgi tendon organ
28
Q

muscle spindle

A 
sense length of the muscle 
consists of:
 - intrafusal fibers
 - gamma motor neurons 
stretch reflex - stretch on muscle causes reflex contraction
29
Q

intrafusal fibers

A

run parallel to normal muscle fibers (extrafusal fibers)

30
Q

gamma motor neurons

A

stimulate intrafusal fibers to contract with extrafusal fibers (by alpha motor neuron)

31
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A
  • monitors tension developed in muscle
  • stimulation results in reflex relaxation of muscle
  • ability to voluntarily oppose GTO inhibition may be related to gains in strength
  • the harder you contract, the more you stimulate GTO
32
Q

muscle chemorecptors

A
  • sensitive to changes in the chemical environment surrounding a muscle
  • provide CNS with information about metabolic rate of muscular activity (important in regulation of cardivascular and pulmonary responses)
33
Q

withdrawal reflex - reflex contraction of skeletal muscle

A
  • occurs in response to sensory input

- not dependent on higher brain centers

34
Q

withdrawal reflex - pathways of neural reflex

A
  • sensory nerve sends impulse to spinal column
  • interneurons activate motor neurons
  • motor neurons control movement of muscles
35
Q

withdrawal reflex - reciprocal inhibition

A
  • EPSPs to muscles to withdraw from stimulus

- IPSPs to antagonistic muscles

36
Q

withdrawal reflex - crossed extensor reflex

A
  • opposite limb supports body during withdrawal of injured limb
37
Q

Somatic motor function

A

every muscle fiber is connected to an alpha motor neuon

brain recruits motor units, not muscle fibers

38
Q

somatic motor function - somatic motor neurons of PNS

A
  • responsible for carrying neural messages from spinal cord to skeletal muscles
39
Q

somatic motor function - motor unit

A

motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

40
Q

somatic motor function - innervation ratio

A
  • # of muscle fibers per motor neuron
  • low ratio in muscles that require fine motor control
  • higher ratio in other muscles
41
Q

innervation ratio - low ratio

A

23/1 in extraocular muscles

- muscles in hand –> small ratio because need fine motor control

42
Q

innervation ratio - higher ratio

A
  • 1,000/1 or greater in large muscles
43
Q

motor unit recruitment and the size principle - motor unit recruitment

A

recruitment of more muscle fibers through motor unit activation

44
Q

motor unit recruitment and the size principle - size principle

A

smallest motor units are recruited first

- produce larger EPSP and result in action potential sooner

45
Q

motor unit recruitment and size principle - types of motor units

A
  • type s (slow) or type I fibers - smallest
  • type FR (fast, fatigue resistant) or type IIa fibers - intermediate
  • type FF (fast, fatigable) or type IIx fibers - largest
46
Q

recruitment pattern during incremental exercise

A

type S - type FR - type FF

47
Q

vast majority of people are _% fast twitch and _% slow-twitch

A

50, 50

48
Q

vestibular appartus

A
  • sensory
  • located in inner ear
  • responsible for maintaining general equilibrium and balance
    • maintains head position
  • sensitive to changes in linear and angular acceleration
    • stimulated by head movement
  • also controls head and eye movement during exercise
49
Q

motor control functions of the brain - brainstem

A 
- responsible for:
    many metabolic functions
    cardiorespiratory control
    complex reflexes (cough, sneeze)
- major structures:
    medulla
    pons
    midbrain
    reticular formation
- if damaged, you are pretty much dead
50
Q

motor control functions of the brain - cerebellum

A
  • coordinates and monitors complex movement
    incorporates feedback from proprioceptors
  • has connections to:
    motor cortex
    brain stem
    spinal cord
  • may initiate fast, ballistic movements

HSC 308: Exam #1 (3 decks)

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