Chapter 7

Question 1

Chapter 6 introduced the visual system; this
chapter focuses on the remaining four of the five
______ sensory systems: the auditory (hearing),
somatosensory (touch), olfactory (smell), and gustatory
(taste) systems.

Answer 1

exteroceptive

Question 2

The _____ sensory cortex of a system is the area of sensory cortex that
receives most of its input directly from the thalamic relay
nuclei of that system.

Answer 2

primary

Question 3

The ______
sensory cortex of a system comprises the areas of the sensory cortex that receive most of their input from the primary sensory cortex of that system or from other areas of
the secondary sensory cortex of the same system

Answer 3

secondary

Question 4

_______ cortex is any area of cortex that receives
input from more than one sensory system. Most input to
areas of _______ cortex comes via areas of secondary
sensory cortex.

Answer 4

Association

Question 5

Sensory systems are characterized by ______ organization.

Answer 5

hierarchical

Question 6

_____ is the process of detecting the presence of
stimuli, and _____ is the higher-order process of integrating, recognizing, and interpreting complete patterns of sensations.

Answer 6

Sensation

perception

Question 7

That is, it was assumed that all areas of cortex at any given level of a sensory hierarchy acted together
to perform the same function. However, research has
shown that ______ segregation, rather than functional homogeneity, characterizes the organization of
sensory systems.

Answer 7

functional

Question 8

Parallel systems feature ____ processing
the simultaneous analysis of a signal in different ways by
the multiple ______ pathways of a neural network.

Answer 8

parallel

Question 9

____ _____ is the mathematical procedure for breaking down complex
waves into their component sine waves.

Answer 9

Fourier analysis

Question 10

The ear is illustrated in Figure 7.5. Sound
waves travel from the outer ear down the
auditory canal and cause the ______
membrane (the eardrum) to vibrate.
These vibrations are then transferred to
the three ______ the small bones of the
middle ear:

Answer 10

tympanic
membrane

ossicles

Question 11

The  vibrations  of the  stapes  trigger
vibrations  of the  membrane  called  the
\_\_\_\_\_  window, which in turn
transfers  the  vibrations  to
the fluid of the snail-shaped
\_\_\_\_\_  (kokhlos means  land
snail ). The cochlea is a long, coiled tube with an internal
membrane running almost to its tip.

Answer 11

oval , cochlea

Question 12

The cochlea is a long, coiled tube with an internal

membrane running almost to its tip. This internal membrane is the auditory receptor organ,the ___ ___ ___

Answer 12

the organ of Corti

Question 13

The auditory receptors, the ____
cells, are mounted in the _____ membrane, and the
_____ membrane rests on the hair cells

Answer 13

hair basilar tectorial

Question 14

auditory nerve

Answer 14

a branch of cranial nerve

Question 15

Thus, in the same way that the
organization of the visual system is primarily
______, the organization of the auditory system is
primarily ______.

Answer 15

retinotopic

tonotopic

Question 16

Figure 7.5 also shows the semicircular canals the

receptive organs of the ____ system.

Answer 16

vestibular

Question 17

The
axons of each auditory nerve synapse in
the ipsilateral cochlear nuclei, from which
many projections lead to the ____ _____ on both sides of the brain stem at
the same level.

Answer 17

superior

olives

Question 18

The axons of the olivary
neurons project via the lateral lemniscus to
the inferior ____, where they synapse
on neurons that project to the medial
_____ nuclei of the thalamus,

Answer 18

colliculi

geniculate

Question 19

Efforts to characterize the
effects of damage to human auditory cortex have been
complicated by the fact that most human auditory cortex is in the lateral fissure.

Answer 19

Consequently, it is rarely destroyed in

its entirety; and if it is, there is almost always extensive damage to surrounding tissue.

Question 20

Deafness is one of the most

prevalent human disabilities: An estimated

Answer 20

250 million

people currently suffer from disabling hearing impairments

Question 21

The simplest
cutaneous receptors are the ____ ____ _____ (neuron
endings with no specialized structures on them), which
are particularly sensitive to temperature change and pain.

Answer 21

free nerve endings

Question 22

The largest and deepest cutaneous receptors are the
onionlike _____ ______; because they adapt rapidly, they respond to sudden displacements of the skin but
not to constant pressure.

Answer 22

Pacinian corpuscles

Question 23

The neural fibers that carry information from cutaneous
receptors and other somatosensory receptors gather together in nerves and enter the spinal cord via the dorsal
roots. The area of the body that is innervated by the left
and right dorsal roots of a given segment of the spinal cord
is called a _______

Answer 23

dermatome.

Question 24

The dorsal-column _____ ______
system tends to carry information about touch and
proprioception, and the anterolateral system tends to to the sensation of being touched; however, after a few
hundred milliseconds, only the slowly adapting receptors remain active, and the quality of the sensation
changes.

Answer 24

medial-lemniscus

Question 25

(The identification of objects by | touch is called ________.)

Answer 25

stereognosis

Question 26

The sensory neurons of this system enter the spinal cord via a dorsal root, ascend ipsilaterally in the ____ _____, and synapse in the dorsal column nuclei of the medulla.

Answer 26

dorsal columns

Question 27

The axons of dorsal column nuclei neurons decussate (cross over to the other side of the brain) and then ascend in the ____ ______ to the contralateral ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus. The ____ ______ nuclei also receive input via the three branches of the trigeminal nerve, which carry somatosensory information from the contralateral areas of the face

Answer 27

medial lemniscus | ventral posterior

Question 28

When Penfield mapped the relation between each site of stimulation and the part of the body in which the sensation was felt, he discovered that the human primary ____ ____ (SI) is somatotopic organized according to a map of the body surface. This somatotopic map is commonly referred to as the somatosensory ______ (_____ means little man ).

Answer 28

somatosensory cortex homunculus

Question 29

There are two major types of somatosensory agnosia. One | is ______ the inability to recognize objects by touch.

Answer 29

astereognosia

Question 30

As in the case of Aunt Betty, asomatognosia is often accompanied by ________ the failure of neuropsychological patients to recognize their own symptoms. Indeed, anosognosia is a common, but curious, symptom of many neurological disorders.

Answer 30

anosognosia

Question 31

Asomatognosia is commonly a component of _____ ______ the tendency not to respond to stimuli that are contralateral to a right-hemisphere injury. You will learn more about contralateral neglect in Chapter 8.

Answer 31

contralateral neglect

Question 32

Melzack and Wall (1965) proposed the ____-____ _____ to account for the ability of cognitive and emotional factors to block pain. They theorized that signals descending from the brain can activate neural gating circuits in the spinal cord to block incoming pain signals.

Answer 32

gate-control | theory

Question 33

Three discoveries led to the identification of a descending pain-control circuit. First was the discovery that electrical stimulation of the _____ ____ (PAG) has analgesic (pain-blocking) effects

Answer 33

periaqueductal gray

Question 34

And third was the isolation of several endogenous (internally produced) opiate analgesics, the ______, which you learned about in Chapter 4.

Answer 34

endorphins

Question 35

In the case of _____ pain, just the opposite is true. _____ pain is severe chronic pain in the absence of a recognizable pain stimulus

Answer 35

Neuropathic

Question 36

However, in many other species, the chemical senses also play a significant role in regulating social interactions (e.g., Zufall & Leinders-Zufall, 2007). The members of many species release ______ chemicals that influence the physiology and behavior of conspecifics (others of the same species).

Answer 36

pheromones

Question 37

The olfactory receptor cells are located in the upper part of the nose, embedded in a layer of mucus-covered tissue called the _____ _____. Their dendrites are located in the nasal passages, and their axons pass through a porous portion of the skull (the cribriform plate) and enter the ____ ____

Answer 37

olfactory mucosa | olfactory bulbs

Question 38

``` The olfactory receptor axons terminate in the discrete clusters of neurons near the surface of the ofactory bulbs these clusters are _____ ______ Each glomerulus receives input from several thousand olfactory receptor cells, all with the same receptor protein ```

Answer 38

olfactory glomeruli.

Question 39

Each olfactory tract projects to several structures of the medial temporal lobes, including the amygdala and the ____ _____ an area of medial temporal cortex adjacent to the amygdala. The piriform cortex is considered to be primary olfactory cortex, but this designation is somewhat arbitrary

Answer 39

piriform cortex

Question 40

Two major olfactory pathways leave the amygdalapiriform area. One projects diffusely to the limbic system, and the other projects via the _____ dorsal nuclei of the thalamus to the _____ cortex the area of cortex on the inferior surface of the frontal lobes, next to the orbits (eye sockets)

Answer 40

medial | orbitofrontal

Question 41

Taste receptors are found on the tongue and in parts of the oral cavity; they typically occur in clusters of about 50, called ____ ____. On the tongue, taste buds are often located around small protuberances called papillae (singular papilla).

Answer 41

taste buds

Question 42

The inability to smell is called ______

Answer 42

anosmia

Question 43

the inability to taste is called ____

Answer 43

ageusia

Question 44

These fibers all terminate in the _______ nucleus of the medulla, where they synapse on neurons that project to the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus.

Answer 44

solitary

Question 45

We consciously perceive only a small subset of the many stimuli that excite our sensory organs at any one time and largely ignore the rest (Bays & Husain, 2008; Huang, Treisman, & Pashler, 2007). The process by which this occurs is ____ ______

Answer 45

selective attention. | Selective attention has tw

Question 46

One other important characteristic of selective attention is the ____ _____ phenomenon (see Feng & Ratnam, 2000). The phenomenon is the fact that even when you are focusing so intently on one conversation that you are totally unaware of the content of other conversations going on around you, the mention of your

Answer 46

cocktail-party

Question 47

``` To study ____ _____, a subject is shown a photographic image on a computer screen and is asked to report any change in the image as soon as it is noticed. ```

Answer 47

change blindness

Question 48

He could identify objects in any part of his visual field if they were presented individually; thus, he was not suffering from blindness or other visual field defects. His was a disorder of attention called _________. Specifically, he suffered from visual ________, a difficulty in attending visually to more than one object at a time.

Answer 48

simultanagnosia