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A&P > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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0
Q

Integration

A

Process, interpret, measure sensory info

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1
Q

Sensory input

A

PNS gathering information

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2
Q

Motor input

A

PNS - response to stimuli

Activates muscle and glands

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3
Q

CNS is?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

CNS function

A

Integrate, interpret, sensory info

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5
Q

Nerves from PNS are located

A

Nerves extend from brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

Sensory (afferent) division

A

Nervous fibers that carry information to the CNS

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7
Q

Motor (efferent) division

A

Hope nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the CNS

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8
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Motor (efferent)
Voluntary
Skeletal muscles

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9
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Motor (efferent)
Involuntary
Controls smooth muscle, cardiac, glands

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10
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Motor (efferent)

Fight/flight

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11
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Motor (efferent)

Relaxes body

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12
Q

CNS support cell functions

A

“Neuroglia”

  • support
  • insulate
  • protects neurons
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13
Q

Astrocytes

A

Prevents toxic substances from passing to the brain

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14
Q

Microglial cells

A

Phagocytes the defend CNS cells from viruses/bacteria

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15
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line the 4 ventricles in the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavities

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16
Q

Oligdendrocytes

A

Most important.

Produce myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in CNS

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17
Q

Schwann cells

A

Form myelin sheaths in PNS

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18
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells that specialize in transmitting messages

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19
Q

Dendrites

A

Conduct impulses toward the cell body. Multiple

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20
Q

Axon

A

Conduct impulses away from the cell body. Singular

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21
Q

What does myelination do to conductivity?

A

Makes nerve conduction faster

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22
Q

Gray matter

A

Cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers found mostly in CNS

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23
Q

Nuclei

A

Clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of CNS

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24
Ganglia
Collections of cell bodies outside the CNS
25
Tracts
Bundles of axon nerve fibers in CNS
26
Nerves
Bundles of axon nerve fibers in PNS
27
Multipolar neurons
Many extensions from cell body Motor neurons Most common
28
Bipolar neurons
1 axon, 1 dendrite found in epithelium of nose and eye
29
Irritability
Ability to respond to stimuli
30
Conductivity
Ability to transmit an impulse
31
Resting neuron
Plasma membrane is polarized at rest. Has negative charge
32
Depolarization
Stimulus depolarizes the neurons membrane
33
Action potential
The movement of ions initiates an action potential in the neuron due to the stimulus
34
Order of nerve impulses
* resting neuron (polarized) * depolarization * action potential * repolarization * resting neuron (polarized)
35
Somatic reflexes
Voluntary Stimulates skeletal muscles Exp: hand on hot stove
36
Autonomic reflexes
Regulates activity of smooth muscle | exp: cardiac muscle
37
The 5 elements of a reflex
* sensory receptor * sensory neuron * integration center * motor neuron * effector organ
38
Regions of the brain
* cerebral hemispheres * diencephalon * brain stem * cerebellum
39
The surface of the break is made up of
Gyri (ridges) | Sulci (grooves)
40
Lobes of the cerebrum
* frontal * parietal * occipital * temporal
41
Primary somatic sensory area
Parietal lobe | Receives impulses
42
Primary motor area
Frontal lobe | Sends impulses to muscles
43
Broca's area
Involved in our ability to speak
44
Where is gray matter
Outer layer cerebral cortex composed mostly of neuron cell bodies
45
What is white matter
Fiber tracts deep to the gray matter
46
Corpus callousness
Connects hemispheres in the cerebrum
47
Basal nuclei
Islands of gray matter buried within the white matter
48
Parts of the diencephalon
Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamion
49
Parts of the brain stem
Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata
50
Midbrain
Reflex centers for vision and hearing
51
Pons
Includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing
52
Medulla oblongata controls
``` Heart rate Blood pressure Breathing Swallowing Vomiting ```
53
What does the cerebellum control
Coordination and balance
54
The 3 layers of the meninges
Dura matter - outer layer Arachnoid layer - re absorbs CSF Pia matter - inner layer on surface of brain
55
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by
Choroid plexus of each ventricle
56
What absorbs CSF
Into the dural venous sinus via the arachnoid villi
57
What is hydrocephalus
Having to much CSF resulting in pressure on the brain
58
Substances that break through the blood-brain barrier
``` Fats and fat soluble molecules Respiratory gases Alcohol Nicotine Anesthesia ```
59
Concussion
Axon damage | Not permanent
60
Contusion
Visual damage to nervous tissue in brain
61
Cerebral edema
Pressure that damages cell
62
Stroke (CVA)
Results from a ruptured blood vessel in the brain
63
Hemiplegia
One sided paralysis (CVA)
64
Aphasis
``` Damage to speech center Left hemisphere (CVA) ```
65
Alzheimer's
Structural changes in brain: Abnormal protein deposits Twisted fibers in neurons
66
Alzheimer's patients experience
Memory loss and confusion
67
How many pairs of spinal nerves arise from spinal cord
31
68
Cause equina
Collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end
69
Ganglia and nerves live in what system
PNS
70
How many pair of cranial nerves are there
12 pairs serving head and neck
71
Spinal nerve plexus
Cervical 8, C1-C8 Brachial 12, T1-T12 Lumbar 5, L1-L5 Sacral 4, S1-S4
72
Plexus
Network of nerves serving motor and sensory needs of the limbs
73
Motor subdivision of the PNS consists of
Only of motor nerves | Also known as involuntary nervous system
74
Responses of sympathetic PNS
``` "Fight or flight" Dilated pupils Sweating Increased heart rate Nervousness ```

A&P (8 decks)

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