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BIO1170 Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

(107 cards)

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1
Q

What is the master controlling and communication system in the body

A

Nervous system

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2
Q

What is the nervous systems signaling device or means of communication?

A

Electrical impulses

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3
Q

Electrical impulses, what exactly are they?

A

Rapid and specific and cause an almost immediate response.

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4
Q

What is the second most important regulating system?

A

Endocrine system

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5
Q

Endocrine system, what is its effects?

A

Uses hormones to make leisurely changes.

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6
Q

Functions of the nervous system

A
  1. Uses millions of sensory receptors to monitor changes in/outside of the body - gathered information is called “sensory input”.
  2. Processes and interprets the sensory input and decides what should be done at each moment - called “integration”.
  3. Effects or causes a response by activating muscles or glands via “motor output”
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7
Q

Nervous system that consist of the brain and spinal cord

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

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8
Q

Nervous system that consists of mainly nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord.

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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9
Q

Central nervous system functions

A

Acts as integrating and command centers for nervous system. They interpret incoming sensory information and issue instructions.

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10
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

These nerves serve as communication lines.
Spinal nerves carry impulses to and from spinal cord.
Cranial nerves carry impulses to and from the brain.

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11
Q

PNS structures are divided into two principle divisons

A
  1. Sensory/Afferent division

2. Motor/Efferent divison

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12
Q

Sensory/Afferent division

A

Consists of nerves that carry impulses to the CNS.

“afferent” means going towards.

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13
Q

Motor/Efferent divison

A

Carries impulses from the CNS to effector organs, the muscles and glands.
Activate muscles and glands to cause an effect.

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14
Q

Motor division has two subdivisions

A
  1. Somatic nervous system

2. Autonomic nervous system

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15
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Allows us to consciously (voluntary) move our skeletal muscles.

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16
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Regulates events that are automatic (involuntary).

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17
Q

Nervous system is made up from two principle types of cells:

A
  1. Supporting cells

2. Neurons

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18
Q

Supporting cells lumped together in nervous system are called..

A

neuroglia (literally means nerve glue)

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19
Q

Neuroglia cells functions:

A

Support, insulate and protect delicate neurons.

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20
Q

Four different types of neuroglia:

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Microglia
  3. Ependymal cells
  4. Oligodendrocytes
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21
Q

Astrocytes

Shape and function

A

Star-shaped cells, there projections have swollen ends that cling to neurons, bracing and anchoring them to their nutrient supply lines, the blood capillaries.
Form a living barrier between capillaries and neurons.
Help control chemical environment in the brain.

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22
Q

Microglia

Shape and function

A

Spiderlike phagocytes.

Monitor health of nearby neurons and dipose of debris.

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23
Q

Ependymal cells

Location and function

A

Line the central cavities of the CNS.

The beating of their cilia helps to circulate cerebrospinal fluid.

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24
Q

Oligodendrocytes

Function

A

Wrap their flat extensions tightly around the nerve fibers, producing fatty insulating coverings called “myelin sheaths”

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25
Schwann cells function
Form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS
26
Satellite cells function
Protect neuron cells.
27
Neurons
a.k.a nerve cells. | Highly specialized to transmit messages.
28
Major regions of neurons:
Cell body | Processes
29
Cell body
nucleus and metabolic center of the cell.
30
Processes
Fibers that extend from the cell body.
31
Processes outside the cell body
Dendrites and axons
32
Dendrites
Conduct impulses toward the cell body. | Neurons have hundreds of dendrites.
33
Axons
Conduct impulses away from the cell body. Neurons only have one axon. End in axon terminals.
34
Synaptic cleft
Gap between adjacent neurons
35
Synapse
Junction between nerves
36
Myelin sheath
Whitish, fatty material covering axon.
37
Schwann cells
Produce myelin sheaths in jelly, roll-like fashion around axons of PNS
38
Nodes of Ranvier
Gaps in myelin sheth along the axon
39
Oligodendrocytes
Produces myelin sheaths around axon of CNS
40
Where are most neuron cell bodies found?
CNS
41
Cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers
Grey matter
42
Clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of the CNS
Nuclei
43
Collections of cell bodies outside the CNS
Ganglia
44
Bundles of nerve fibers in the CNS
Tracts
45
Bundles of nerve fibers in the PNS
Nerves
46
Collections of myelinated fibers (tracts)
White matter
47
Collections of mostly unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies
Gray matter
48
Sensory (afferent) neurons | Detect stretch or tension
Proprioceptors
49
Interneurons | Function and location
Association neurons. Found in neural pathways in CNS. Connect sensory and motor neurons.
50
Multipolar neurons
Many extensions from the cell body.
51
What cells are mutlipolar?
All motor and interneurons are multipolar.
52
Bipolar neurons | Function, what it is, location.
one axon & one dendrite. Located in special sense organs nose and eye). Rare in adults.
53
Unipolar neurons
One short process leaving the cell body.
54
Function properties of neurons
Irritability Ability to respond to stimuli Conductivity Ability to transmit an impulse.
55
Resting neuron
The plasma membranes at rest is polarized. | Fewer positive ions are inside the cell than outside the cell.
56
Depolarization
A stimulus depolarizes the neuron's membrane. The membrane is now permeable to Na as Na channels open. A depolarized membrane allows sodium (Na+) to flow inside the membrane.
57
Action potential
The movement of ions initiates an action potential in the neuron due to a stimulus. A graded potential exists where the inside of the membrane is more positive and the outside is less positive. Propagation of the action potential: If enough sodium enters the cell, the action potential (nerve impulse) starts and is propagated over the entire axon. Impulses travel faster when fibers have a myelin sheath (myelinated)
58
Repolarization
Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane. Repolarization involves restoring the inside of the membrane to a negative charge and the outer surface to a positive charge. Repolarization has to happen so depolarization can happen again. Initial ionic conditions are restored using the sodium-potassium pump. This pump, using ATP, restores the original configuration. Three sodium ions are ejected from the cell while two potassium ions are returned to the cell.
59
Reflex
rapid, predictable and involuntary response to stimulus.
60
Reflexes occur over pathways called....?
Reflex arcs
61
Reflex arc
involves both CNS and PNS, direct route from a sensory neuron to an interneuron to an effector.
62
Reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles. | Ex. pull your hand away from a hot object.
Somatic reflexes
63
Reflex that regulates the activity of smooth muscles, the heart and glands.
Autonomic reflexes
64
Five elements of a reflex
1. Sensory receptor 2. Sensory neuron 3. Integration center (CNS) 4. Motor neuron 5. Effector organ
65
Simplest type of reflex arc | knee-jerk
Two-neuron reflex arcs
66
Usually withdraw reflex
Three-neuron reflex arcs
67
CNS development
CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube The neural tube becomes the brain and spinal cord The opening of the neural tube becomes the ventricles Four chambers within the brain Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
68
Regions of the brain
Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum) Diencephalon Brain stem Cerebellum
69
Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)
Paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain Includes more than half of the brain mass The surface is made of ridges (gyri(s)) and grooves (sulci) (help to identify different parts of the brain and their functions.)
70
Lobes of cerebrum
Fissures divide the cerebrum into lobes. - Frontal - Parietal - Occipital - Temporal
71
Special areas of the cerebrum
Primary somatic sensory area Primary motor area Broca's area
72
Primary somatic sensory ares
Recieved impulses from the body's sensory receptors. | Located in parietal lobe.
73
Primary motor area
Sens impulses to skeletal muscles. | Located in frontal lobe.
74
Brocas area
Involved in our ability to speak.
75
Cerebral areas involved in special senses:
Gustatory area (taste) Visual area Auditory area Olfactory area.
76
Only nerve that doesn't go through the thalmus
Olfactory area
77
Interpretation areas of the cerebrum:
Speech/language region Language comprehension region General interpretation area
78
Layers of the cerebrum:
Gray matter White matter Corpus callosum Basal nuclei
79
Gray matter
outer layer in the cerebral cortex composed of neuron cell bodies.
80
White matter
Fiber (mylienated) tracts deep to the gray matter.
81
Corpus callosum
Connect hemispheres
82
Basal nuclei
Islands of gray matter buried within the white matter
83
Diencephalon Location Parts
``` Sits on to of the brain stem. Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres Made of three parts: Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus ```
84
Thalamus Location Function
Surrounds the 3rd ventricle | Relay station for sensory impulses.
85
Hypothalamus Location Function
Under the thalamus Important autonomic nervous system center. Helps regulates the body.
86
Epithalamus Location Function
Forms the roof of the 3rd ventricle. Houses the pineal body (produced melatonin) Includes the choroid plexus - forms cerbrospinal fluid.
87
Brain stem Location Parts
Attaches to the spinal cord. Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata
88
Midbrain Composition Function
Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers. | Reflex center for vision and hearing
89
Pons Composition Function
Mostly composed of fiber tracts. | Includes nuclei involved in control of breathing.
90
Medulla oblongata Location Function
The lowest part of the brain stem merges into the spinal cord. Important control centers, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing.
91
Reticular formation
Diffuse mass of gray matter along the brain stem.
92
Protection of central nervous system
``` Scalp and skin Skull and vertebral column Menings Cerebrospinal fluid Blood-brain barrier ```
93
Menings
``` Dura mater (tight against brain) Tough outermost layer Double-layered external covering ```
94
Periosteum
Attached to inner surface of the skull.
95
Meningeal layer
Outer covering of the brain, folds inward in several areas.
96
Meninges layer: Arachnoid layer Pia mater
Middle layer, web-like extensions reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid. Internal layer, clings to the surface of the brain.
97
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Similar to blood plasma compostion. | Formed by choroid plexus.
98
Choroid plexuses
Capillaries in the ventricles of the brain. Forms watery cushion to protect the brain. Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord.
99
Cerebrospinal Fluid Pathway of Flow
1. CSF is procuded by choroid plexus. 2. CSF flows through ventricles. 3. CSF flows through the subarachnoid space. 4. CSF is absored into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi.
100
Hydrocephalus | What is it
Water in the brain. | Possible in infant because the skull bones have not yet fused, causes brain damage in adults.
101
Stroke is caused by
Ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain.
102
Hemiplegia
One-sided paralysis
103
Aphasis
Damage to speech center in left hemisphere
104
Transischemia attack
Temporary brain ischemia.
105
Spinal cord
Extends from the foramen magnum of the skull to the first/second lumbar vertebra.
106
How many pairs of spinal nerves arise from spinal cord?
31
107
Cranial Nerves
I Olfactory nerve—sensory for smell II Optic nerve—sensory for vision III Oculomotor nerve—motor fibers to eye muscles IV Trochlear—motor fiber to one eye muscle V Trigeminal nerve—sensory for the face; motor fibers to chewing muscles VI Abducens nerve—motor fibers to eye muscles VII Facial nerve—sensory for taste; motor fibers to the face VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve—sensory for balance and hearing IX Glossopharyngeal nerve—sensory for taste; motor fibers to the pharynx X Vagus nerves—sensory and motor fibers for pharynx, larynx, and viscera XI Accessory nerve—motor fibers to neck and upper back XII Hypoglossal nerve—motor fibers to tongue

BIO1170 Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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