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Bio 223 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Voluntary Nervous System

know your directions

A

Dorsal vs Ventral (Posterior vs Anterior)
Medial vs Lateral
Cranial vs Caudal (Rostral vs Caudal or Superior vs Inferior)

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2
Q

be able to draw the adult cross section

A

slide 4

no ventral mesentary

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3
Q

The Basic Vertebrate Cross Section (Adult Version)

A

understand it lmao

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4
Q

gray matter contains

A

cell bodies, not wrapped in mylin

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5
Q

white matter

A

axons are traveling, bundles of axons (cell bodies)

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6
Q

In CNS tract is

A

a bundle of axons

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7
Q

In the PNS usally a nerve,

A

not going to be a nerve, until you get a dorsal & ventral portion together, those two pieces are beginning of a nerve

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8
Q

ventral portion associated with

A

ventral root

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9
Q

dorsal portion associated with

A

dorsal root

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10
Q

posterior gray horn

A

somatic sensory nuclei

visceral sensory

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11
Q

lateral gray horn

A

visceral motor nuclei

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12
Q

sensory neuron

A

sensory through dorsal root, up towards the brain, dont have the axons coming out, PNS neurons synapse on cell bodies

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13
Q

motor nuclei somatic

A

anterior gray horn

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14
Q

somatic nuclei are

A

more superficial than visceral

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15
Q

motor nuclei

A

ventral root, signal down from brain, synapse on cell body in here, in the somatic, send out from its axon into PNS

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16
Q

only cells that contributing to the ventral root

A

motor nuclei(efferent)

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17
Q

dorsal root

A

sesnroy nuclei affarent axons

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18
Q

bumb in dorsal root ganglion

A

CNS nuclei that are recieving from the axons which are coming through the dorsal root, this is where the dorsal root axon are located, direct result of having unipolar morphology

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19
Q

ganglion

A

collection of cell bodies in the PNS

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20
Q

nerves in periphery

A

contain motor and sensory

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21
Q

move laterally what happens

A

you have a dorsal root with a ganglion, you have a ventral root, that will form a nerve (mixed spinal nerve-both motor and sesnory)

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22
Q

review 14:55

A

talks about dorsal root, axon, cell bodies

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23
Q

mixed spinal nerves form

A

a trunk, branches out

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24
Q

branches out

A

ramus, you have a dorsal and ventral root (symp. branch authonomic NS)

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25
Q

describe hyp. vs. exp.

A

epx. hold spine erect

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26
Q

dorsal ramus

A

only innervate epaxial muscles

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27
Q

dorsal root not the same thing as dorsal ramus

A

know the difference lol

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28
Q

ventral ramus (comes all the way down)

A

hypaxial muscles

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29
Q

neurons that exsist of the mixed spinal nerve, rami, etc. ?

A

presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron axon potential is propigated through the axon

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30
Q

fiber type means?

A

somatic afferent
somatic efferent
visceral efferent
visceral afferent

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31
Q

inside of dorsal root you can

A

carry different fibers
can carry signals sensory information from your brain to your organs
–carry

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32
Q

carry sensory info. from your brain to from your organs is important because

A

you have to understand that you stomach is constricted or dilated, your brain has to know that, so you carry sensory information through the visceral afferent fibers these fibers can come form your organs inside your body but however there are unconcious sensations that you have to send back to your brain regarding if your vessciles are constricted or dialted, your brain has to know that if it has to cool you down or warm u up

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33
Q

what are the two basic divions of your body

A

epaxial /hypx.
from the ventral ramus you are going to return visceral sesnory info. from your vessels and other unconcious structure coming from hyp. region coming through the ventral ramus

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34
Q

listen to

A

minute 34

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35
Q

dorsal ramus

A

getting info unconcious sensory region from your expaxial region, glands that are back there, sesory info is coming through the dorsal ramus

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36
Q

regardless of where it comes from your organs hyp. or epaxial those fibers..

A

have to pass through the mixed spinal nerve then they go into the dorsal root, go past the cell body, go into the visceral afferent nucleus post.gray horn of your NS, they are going to synapse on cell bodies inside of that, signal goes up to brain so thats VISCERAL

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37
Q

how is somatic different from visceral in terms of interrpurting signals

A

you’re not recieving info from your guts but you have to be aware of whether you’re contracting hypaxial or epaxial musculature, conciously aware of those types of things,

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38
Q

sensory pathways

A

conciously aware of pressure on you whether its on hyp. or epax., somatic sensory comes in through the ventral ramus from hypx. …somatic sensory comes in from the dorsal ramus from the epax. that youre conciously aware of, goes through mixed spinal nerve, into the dorsal ramus, passes the dorsal root ganglion and synapses in the somatic afferent nucleus and then sends info to your brain

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39
Q

you have to understand for the upper motor neurons are referred to

A

are contained in the CNS and synapse onto lower motor neurons , singal that is coming from the brain uses a upper motor neuron carried down the axons inside of the spinal tracts, those axons will go into one of those nuclei tht it synapeses ona lower motor neuron

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40
Q

lower motor neurons

A

have cell bodies in the CNS (we will focus on the spinal cord) and their axons extend into PNS

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41
Q

last mintues on lecture 7 part one/ lecture 7 slide 13 recording

A

listen to recordings, slide 12

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42
Q

ANS

A

four different ways it can go

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43
Q

from slide 12 three imp. concepts

A

three main points:
1.only seeing lower motor neurons and what they do is they send their axons through the ventral root and only the ventral root where they combine in the mixed spinal nerve, givesmotor neurons access to hypx. or epax. or internal organs

  1. when you’re looking at the somatic vs. visceral, somatics can go directly to their target structure in the epax. or hypx.
    with the visceral when it leaves to the ventral root it can not go directly through its target structure it has to use a second neuron, a post gangloic neuron to reach its target,
  2. lower motor, only going into the PNS, not seeing the upper that are bringing signal to the lower
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44
Q

how sensory and motor work together

A

reflex arcs

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45
Q

what are the two types of reflex arcs?

A

monosynaptic, polysynaptic

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46
Q

monosynaptic

A

Stretch reflex, signal sometimes to brain, typically something you’re not aware of, not feeling it, feel muscles contracting becoming aware of it

goes directly to motor nuclei, going to contract the muscle, knee test,

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47
Q

polysynaptic

A 
Withdrawal reflex (flexor reflex)
Crossed extensor reflex
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48
Q

stretch reflex only involves

A

the somatic afferent and somatic efferent, not involving upper motor, doesnt need to go brain, automatically

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49
Q

stretch reflex Biceps

A

C5, C6

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50
Q

stretch reflex Brachioradialis

A

C6

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51
Q

stretch reflex Triceps

A

C7

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52
Q

stretch reflex Patellar

A

L4

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53
Q

stretch reflex Calcaneal Tendon

A

S1

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54
Q

reflex arc damage to the ventral root means

A

motor damage, can sense it but can’t contract back

55
Q

reflex arc damage to the dorsal root means

A

sensory damage, can’t sense reflex

56
Q

withdrawal reflex

A

polysnaptic, multiple things contract, painful stimulus gets send back from your somatic afferent you’re conciously aware, going to synapse on an interneuron because its inbetween the sensory and motor components, combines both of them

57
Q

what does an interneuron do?

A

sends signal to brain so that you’re conciously aware of ow that hurt, at the same time to the brain, sending singals to motor neurons

58
Q

two different types of signals of an interneuron

A

excitatory and inhibitory
what youre going to do is when you get the painful stimulus youre going to have to excite and stimulate the flexor muscles so you can pull back the limb but youre going to inhbit the extensor muscles, prevent muscles from drawing your limb back, contracting the muscles drawing muscles back

59
Q

crossed extensors

A

also polysnaptic, painful stimulus, carried along your somatic afferent all the way back to you spinal cord again synapses on an interneuron,

60
Q

detailed description of a crossed extensors

A

that interneuron sends the info to the brain you stepped on something painful @ the same time send signals too**both sides of the spinal cord

61
Q

interesting part of a crossed extensor

A

if you only send the signal to contract need to send signal to other side, the other leg wont be ready to support the weight, send signals to both side

62
Q

which side recieves what signal of a crossed extensor reflex arc

A

leg that receives pain: flexor
send signal to extensors on other side so that it will contract, support your weight

send signals to brain however the signal doesnt make you realize that the signal makes teling you what should contract, work indepdently of upper motor neuron

63
Q

crossed extensor reflex, leg that is hurt:

A

extensors inhibited, flexors stimulated

64
Q

leg that is not hurt, crossed extensor reflec

A

extensors stimulated, flexors inhibited

65
Q

three layers that cover the nerves in CNS

A

known as meninges

66
Q

superficial to deep meninges

A

1dura matter tough connective mother protects spinal cord and brain
2arachnoid matter (spider) connective tissue trubuclae
3pia matter soft, flimsy,

67
Q

what else provides protection to your CNS

A

you have cerebral spinal fluid, cushion protect things, inbetween meninges

68
Q

meninges do what

A

when you leave the CNS, wraps tightly around the spinal nerve as it leaves your vertebral column, forms a cuff

69
Q

pia matter has?

A

extensions coming off, called denticulate ligaments come off of pia, extend to dura, see them inbetween those dorsal roots and ventral roots, they anchor the CNS in place, prevents spinal cord from moving aroundyour hard vertebral column

70
Q

what is an overall two important concepts of nerves?

A

segmentation and that they get dragged down caudually

71
Q

dragging in detail

A

actual CNS matches up with their bony regions, occupies the entire the bony region (vertbral column) bones grow, CNS will not grow CNS stops growing, PNS will grow, CNS drap spinal nerve and ventral and dorsal roots down so nerves still merges inferior, very long nerve roots

72
Q

Coneus mediarlarus

A

has connective tissue, very end of the meninges, where dura ends, Where dura ends anchors with the final filum terminale,
purpose to anchor your spinal cord so it doesnt bang into your vertbrae

73
Q

cauda equina

A

consist of nerve root (looks like horses tail) not the actually nerve, the dorsal and ventral roots that contribute to the spinal nerves

74
Q

segmentation

A

Even as an adult, still have association of segments and segmental nerves

  • dermatomes, strips of your dermis specifically to a nerve, innovating it
  • have names of nerve innervating it
  • easiet on axial portion of ur body,
  • you started as a weird teddy bear, rotated skin strips with it
  • only particular parts of your skin because virus only on specific nerves of segmentation
75
Q

there are segments have to understand that

A

segments can connect to each other, plexsus

76
Q

plexsus**

A

A complex interconnection of adjacent segmental nerves.

77
Q

your limbs only develop from hyp. regions

A

Because they develop from hypaxial region, where do they get the innovation? ventral rami!

78
Q

how does a plexsus affect the body?

A

Reorder themselves so they have finer control better control which is going down to your appendages
Gives us finer control, will reorganize itself over the innervation to large block of musuclature so finer control of nervous system

79
Q

how a plexsus works in the nervous system

A

-many nerves one target structure, multiple nerves, finer control so more control over a big block of musculature
-one single segement,
split up so it has control over more segments

80
Q

how do we gain finer control in a plexsus

A

in a plexsus, a nervous, can go to one nerve with many targets, many nerves to one single target

81
Q

how many segments does a limb consist of

A

6

82
Q

limb splits into six

A

limb is going to be seperated out into a dorsal division and a ventral division

83
Q

dorsal muscles

A

extend or elevate your limb

84
Q

ventral muscles

A

flex, depress

85
Q

THE LUMBO-SACRAL
PLEXUS
for limbs

A

lumbar and sacral nerves involved, basic idea, divide into dorsal and ventral, then divide into cranio(superior) /caudual(inferior) gives us four nervous structures that we’re dealing with

86
Q

lumbo-sacral plexsus femoral is what quadrant?

A

cranial-dorsal

87
Q

lumbo-sacral plexsus obdurator is what quadrant?

A

cranial-ventral

88
Q

lumbo-sacral plexsus peroneal/fib is what quadrant?

A

caudal-dorsal

89
Q

lumbo-sacral plexsus tibialis what quadrant?

A

caudal-ventral

90
Q

combination of peroneal and tibial is the

A

sciatic nerve

91
Q

gleuteals

A

associated with peroneal nerve, be able to seperate themselves

92
Q

L2, L3, L4 Lumbosacral Plexus

A

Femoral

93
Q

L3, L4Lumbosacral Plexus

A

Obturator

94
Q

L4, L5Lumbosacral Plexus

A

Peroneal

95
Q

L4, L5, S1

Lumbosacral Plexus

A

Superior gluteal

96
Q

Lumbosacral Plexus S1,S2

A

Tibial

97
Q

Femoral relates to which muscles?

A

Hip flexors, quadriceps

L2, L3, L4

98
Q

Obturator relates to which muscles?

A

Adductors

L3-L4

99
Q

Peroneal relates to which muscles?

A

Tibialis anterior

L4,L5

100
Q

Superior gluteal relates to which muscles?

A

Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

L4,L5,S1

101
Q

Tibial relates to which muscles?

A

Gastrocnemius

S1, S2

102
Q

breaking down the brachial plexsus

A 
5/6 segmental roots
three trunks
6 divisions
three cords
5 terminal nerves
103
Q

c4,c5,c6 THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS

A

superiortrunk

104
Q

c7THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS

A

middle trunk

105
Q

c8,t1 THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS

A

inferior trunk

106
Q

each three trunks (superior, middle, and inferior in the brachial plexsus) divides into

A

its component dorsal and ventral divisions (recall dorsal and ventral mm.)

107
Q

All dorsal divisions unite to give in the THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS

A

POSTERIOR CORD.

108
Q

ventral divisions in the THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS

A

LATERAL & MEDIAL CORDS

109
Q

POSTERIOR CORD what terminal nerves? in the THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS

A

AXILLARY N.

RADIAL N.

110
Q

LATERAL & MEDIAL CORDS what terminal nerves? in the THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS

A

MUSCULOCUTANEOUS N.

MEDIAN N.

ULNAR N.

111
Q

C5, C6Brachial Plexus

A

-Axillary,nerve
Deltoid, Long head of triceps brachii

-Musculocutaneous,nerve
Biceps brachii, Brachioradialis

112
Q

C7, C8Brachial Plexus

A

Radial

Other triceps heads, extensors

113
Q

C8, T1Brachial Plexus

A

Median

Most wrist flexors, radial side digital flexors

114
Q

C8, T1Brachial Plexus

A

Ulnar

Ulnar side wrist and digital flexors

115
Q

understand branchial plexsus

A

slide 34

116
Q

upper motor neurons vs. lower motor

A

Locations are different and key to knowing the difference
-upper CNS
show different signs

117
Q

causes may very in upper and lower neurons

A

Causes may vary
Trauma nerve or nerve in CNS
Disease

118
Q

Possible Signs

of upper motor and lower motor neurons

A

Paresis=weakness

Plegia=paralized

119
Q

types of plegia

A

Quadriplegiaall four, paraplegia, hemiplegia, monoplegia-onelimb

120
Q

Lower Motor Neuron Lesions characteristics

A 
Atrophy 
Hypotonia
Hyporeflexia
Tends to affect small groups of muscles
 provide nutrition to muscle
121
Q

hypotonia

A

loss of reflex, lower motor nueonrs(goes to muscle cell to contract) if you damage the neuron, cannot provide that baseline signal for contraction, flacid

122
Q

hypoflexia

A

can still sense, lost of reflex, weak or absent, don’t show the reflex, uses lower motor neurons, wont carry signal to muscle, could be weak or absent reflex

123
Q

Tends to affect small groups of muscles, lower motor lesion

A

not CNS, so specific muscles.. lower motor neurons, they go to specific muscles- only going to affect very small groups of muscles
maybe cannot flex, but can extend just fine because its so specific

124
Q

if you had damage to peroneal nerve, (shin)

A 
Trauma to knee or fibula
Nerve root L4, L5, S1 lesion 
Foot Drop, toe drag
called=Steppage gait, equine gait, slapping gait
localized nerve damage
125
Q

Damage to superior gluteal nerve (like baby walking)

A

Trauma to buttocks (stabbing, intramuscular injection)
Hip Drop
called waddling gait

126
Q

Saturday night palsy, crutch palsy

(lower motor)

A

Damage to radial nerve

Wrist Drop, inability to extend arm

127
Q

Upper Motor Neuron Lesions

A 
Atrophy is rare
Hypertonia
-Spasticity, clonus
Hyperreflexia
Tends to affect large groups of muscles

Muscles working against gravity are stronger
-Pointing toes, upper limb flexors, lower limb extensors

128
Q

upper motor

A

not just carrying signald when you want, constantly sending to lower motor neurons, baseline inhibition, no longer sending a contraction signal

129
Q

hypertonia

A

contraction signal is not being reduced by upper neuron, muscles are rigid and tight

-get spasticity(stretch quickly,not inhibiting signal,reflex stretching is strong, stretches several times), clonus(stretches and locks in place contracting strongly, shows how strong the lower motor neurons are causing the muscle to contract when you dont inhbit them with an upper motor neuron

130
Q

hypperreflexia

A

reflexes are stronger,

131
Q

upper motor neuron lesions affects

A

affect large groups of muscles

as well as many lower muscle neurons

132
Q

Muscles working against gravity are stronger becomes stronger than those not contracting gravity in upper motor neuron , what are examples???

A

Pointing toes, upper limb flexors, lower limb extensors, become much much stronger.

Lower limb-harder for you to walk, leg muscles are more tense, difficult to walk

133
Q

Circumduction gait (hemiparesis) half of body

A

Leg extensors are hypertonic, difficult to flex knee and raise toes
May be due to stroke,
or even lesion in cervical spinal cord if arms are involved, what is the effect?
Swinging leg out

134
Q

Scissors gait (paraparesis) bottom half down (cerebral palsy)

A

Leg extensors are hypertonic, difficult to flex knees and raise toes
May be due to trauma in thoracic region or cerebral palsy

-affecting upper motor neurons, they can still demonstrate reflexes, lose a large scale of musculature

Bio 223 (8 decks)

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