Chapter 7

Question 1

Stratification

Answer 1

systematic inequalities between groups of people that arise as intended/unintended consequences of social processes/relationships

Question 2

Four types of sratification

Answer 2

Race, family ties, location, ethnicity, gender, group advantage over another group

Question 3

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 3

argued private property creates social inequalities and social conflict

Question 4

Adam Ferguson and John Millar

Answer 4

agreed w/ Rousseau that private property creates inequality but argued that it was GOOD because it made some people prosper and created assets

Question 5

Assets

Answer 5

Form of wealth that can be stored for the future

Ability to create assets=work incentive=higher efficiency=improved society

Question 6

Thoma Malthus

Answer 6

viewed inequality favorably but only to CONTROL POPULATION GROWTH

Question 7

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel’s Master-Slave Dialectic

Answer 7

said most social relationships were based on master-slave models in which the master becomes as dependent on the slave as the slave is to the master

Question 8

Ontological Equality

Answer 8

everyone is created equal in God’s eyes

Question 9

Equality of Opportunity

Answer 9

Idea that inequality of condition is acceptable as long as everyone has the same opportunities for advancement and judged by same standards

Question 10

Equality of Condition

Answer 10

equal starting point

ex) affirmative action

Question 11

Equality of Outcome

Answer 11

Everyone in a society would end up with the same ‘rewards’ regardless of his or her starting point, opportunities, or contributions

Question 12

Estate System

Answer 12

politically based system of stratification, limited social mobility

Question 13

Caste System

Answer 13

system of stratification based on hereditary notions(religious&theological purity) NO PROSPECTS OF SOCIAL MOBILITY

Question 14

Class System

Answer 14

economically based system of stratification, somewhat loose social mobility based on roles in production over individual characteristics

Question 15

Karl Marx

Answer 15

felt society was divided strictly by two classes: Proletariat ad Bourgeoisie

Question 16

Proletariat

Answer 16

working class

Question 17

Bourgeoisie

Answer 17

Employing class

Question 18

Erik Olin Wright

Answer 18

developed concept of contradictory class locations

Question 19

contradictory class locations

Answer 19

idea that people can occupy locations in the class structure that fall between two “pure” classes

Question 20

Max Weber

Answer 20

concept that class is based on grouping people by the value of their property or labor
ex) Grad school students

Question 21

Status hierarchy system

Answer 21

stratification based on social prestige based on different things: occupation, lifestyle, membership in certain organizations

Question 22

Elite-Mass Dichotomy System

Answer 22

system of stratification that has a governing elite- few leaders who hold power of society
ex) North Korea

Question 23

Wilfredo Pareto

Answer 23

though the masses were better off in elite-mass system because most skilled and talented people would reach the governing elite
80/20 Rule:
80% merit/status
20% achievements

Question 24

C. Wright Mills

Answer 24

viewed elite-mass system as dangerous because it isolated power in the hands of few that rules in favor of their interests
endangers democracy

Question 25

What are the three levels of status?

Answer 25

Economic, politics, military

Question 26

Socioeconomic Status

Answer 26

refers to individuals position in a stratified social order

Question 27

Income vs. Wealth

Answer 27

Income: paychecks month to month (short term) Wealth: investments, assets (long term)

Question 28

Upper Class

Answer 28

associated with income, wealth, power, and prestige

Question 29

Middle Class

Answer 29

``` Hard to define, 90% of Americans define themselves as middle class Hard to separate middle class from working class ```

Question 30

What is the working class made up of?

Answer 30

white-collar workers and working class of manual laborers

Question 31

Income Gap

Answer 31

Gap between high-income and low-income has DRAMATICALLY increased over the last 30 yrs

Question 32

Poverty

Answer 32

official, government definition, unstable class, people tend to shift in and out of poverty over their lifetime

Question 33

Social Mobility

Answer 33

movement between different positions within a system of social stratification... horizontal or vertical movements

Question 34

Structural Mobility

Answer 34

mobility that happens from change in the economy such as expansion of high-tech jobs in the last 20 yrs

Question 35

Exchange Mobility

Answer 35

occurs when people essentially trade positions- overall job number stays the same but some people move up and some down

Question 36

Mobility Table

Answer 36

way to examine the process of individual mobility by comparing changes in occupational status between generations

Question 37

Status_Attainment Model

Answer 37

changes in occupational status between generations & includes factors like educational attainment, income, and prestige of the persons first job