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Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the bone lifespan changes?

A

Decrease in height @ age 30
Calcium levels fall
Bones are brittle
osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts

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2
Q

What are the joint lifespan changes?

A

Stiffening, arthritis, ligaments lose elasticity, decreased height, disuse reduces nutrients,

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3
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Growth plate:

Consists of four 4 layers of cartilage cells

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4
Q

4 cartilage layers in the growth plate (ZONES) (epiphyseal plate)

A
  1. ) resting cartilage
  2. ) proliferating cartilage
  3. ) hypertrophic cartilage
  4. ) calcified cartilage
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5
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A

Intramembranous-flat bones that form from connective tissue

Endochondral- long bones made from hyaline cartilage

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6
Q

Long bones

A

Long and narrow with expanded ends

Example: femur, radius, tibia

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7
Q

Short bones

A

Cubelike/length and width or round bones imbedded in tendons

Example: patella

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8
Q

Flat bones

A

Platelike with broad surfaces

Example: parietal

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9
Q

Irregular bones

A

Variety of shapes and most are connected to other bones

Example: sphenoid

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10
Q

Compact bone

A 
Consists of: 
Cylindrical units called osteoblasts (tree trunk)
Strong and solid
Weight bearing
Residuals compression
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11
Q

Spongy bone

A

Consists of:
Branching plates called trabeculae
Somewhat flexible
Nutrients diffuse through canaliculi

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12
Q

Abduction

A

Move leg out from the center

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13
Q

Adduction

A

Leg moving into the medial line

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14
Q

Lateral flexion

A

Bending over

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15
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Toes up to the sky

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16
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Standing on your toes

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17
Q

Circumduction

A

Arm circles

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18
Q

Medial rotation

A

Arm toward middle

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19
Q

Lateral rotation

A

Arm from middle.. out

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20
Q

Pronation

A

Palms down

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21
Q

Supination

A

Palms up

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22
Q

Inversion

A

Ankle rolled out

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23
Q

Eversion

A

Ankle rolled in

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24
Q

Elevation

A

Shoulders up

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25
Depression
Shoulders down
26
Protraction
Chin out
27
Retraction
Chin in
28
Osteoclasts
Absorbs bone tissue during healing
29
Osteoblasts
Cell that secretes matrix for bone formation
30
Articulations
Place of junction between bones
31
Articular cartilage
Hyaline cartilage at the epiphysis or the end of a bone
32
What are the three STRUCTURAL classifications of bones?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
33
What are the three FUNCTIONAL joint classifications?
Synarthrotic (immovable) Amphiarthrotic (slightly movable) Diarthrotic (freely movable)
34
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
1. )Syndesmosis-bones held together by dense connective tissue (amphiarthrotic) 2. )Suture-connective tissue of skull (synarthrotic) 3. )Gomphosis- cone shaped bony process in Jawbone for teeth (synarthrotic)
35
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondrosis-bands of hyaline cartilage that connect bones | Symphysis-pads of fibrocartilage between bones
36
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
1. ) ball and socket 2. ) condylar 3. ) plane joint/gliding joint 4. ) hinge joint 5. ) pivot joint 6. ) saddle joint
37
ball and socket / spheroidal
(hip/shoulder) Widest range of motion Round head in a cup shaped cavity
38
condylar/ellipsoidal
Ova condyle fits into elliptical cavity (Between metacarpals and Phalanges) Back & forth/ side to side motion
39
Plane joint/gliding joint
Almost flat, slightly curved Back and forth and twisting motions (Wrist and ankle joints)
40
Pivot joint/trochoid joint
Cylindrical surface rotates within another bone Rotation only (Atlas of C1 and dens of Axis C2)
41
Saddle joint/seller joint
Both bones have concave and convex surfaces | Thumb
42
Hydroxyapatite
Also known as calcium phosphate, is the most abundant salt crystal found in the bone matrix
43
What are the six types of fractures?
1. ) green stick 2. ) fissured 3. ) comminuted 4. ) transverse 5. ) oblique 6. ) spiral
44
Green stick fracture
Incomplete fracture on the surface of the bone
45
Fissured fracture
Incomplete longitudinal break
46
Comminuted fracture
A complete break that also causes fragments
47
Transverse fracture
Complete break that is at a right angle to the axle of the bone
48
Oblique fracture
Occurs at an angle other than a right angle to the axel of the bone
49
Spiral fracture
Caused by excessive twisting
50
Phalanges
(From palm to tips) Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx
51
What is the axial skeleton made up of?
``` Skull Middle ear bones Hyoid bone Vertebral column Thoracic cage ```
52
What is the appendicular skeleton made up of?
Pectoral girdle Upper limbs Pelvic girdle Lower limbs
53
What is the acetabulum?
Depression for the head of the femur found in the coxal (hip) bones
54
Origin vs insertion
Origin-fixed end of the skeletal muscle Insertion-movable end of the muscle
55
What are the rib types?
``` True ribs (vertebrosternal)-total cage False ribs (vertebrochondral) partial ribs with cartilage attachment -floating ribs/no cartilage ```
56
What is a special feature of the sphenoid bone?
The sella turcica Protects the pituitary gland
57
What are the basic functions of the skeletal system?
Support, protect, provide points of attachment, house blood producing cells, and store inorganic salts, aid body movement
58
What is the difference between the male and female pelvis?
Males are less flared and small and not used for birth
59
Vitamin D
Helps absorb calcium, and with lack of it, bones get soft
60
Vitamin A
Aids in osteoblasts and osteoclasts activities and with lack of it, it can retard bone development but excessive amounts increase osteoclasts that break down bones
61
What are bursae?
Fluid filled Fat pads found in the knee and shoulders that cushion and help ligaments glide over
62
What are the effects of growth hormones on bones?
Stimulate cartilage cell division which lengthens bones | Gigantism, dwarfism, acromegaly
63
What is hematopoiesis?
Blood cell formation that occurs in red bone marrow (red,white and platelets)
64
Where is an interosseous membrane found?
Fibrous joints in between bones. Sheetlike.
65
What are intervertebral discs?
Pads of fibrocartilage (symphesis cartilaginous) joint between vertebrae and are amphiarthrotic
66
Long bone parts
11
67
Knee joint
``` Largest and most complex 3 bones:femur,tibia,patella Has ligaments and tendons Cushioned by bursae Menus separate femur and tibia ```
68
Essay questions
Joint classifications of all and one example of each and relate them to each other Two bone formation processes compare contrast etc

Anatomy And Physiology (7 decks)

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