Chapter 7

Question 1

Habituation:

Answer 1

Decrease in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus

Question 2

Sensitization:

Answer 2

Increase in the strength of response to a repeated stimuli

Question 3

Classical Conditioning:

Answer 3

When an organism associates two stimuli such that one comes to produce a response that originally was produced only by the other stimulus

Question 4

Learning:

Answer 4

Process by which experience produces a relatively enduring change in behaviour or capabilities

Question 5

Acquisition:

Answer 5

Period during which association is being learned

Question 6

Unconditioned stimulus:

Answer 6

Triggers a reflexive unconditioned response without prior learning

Question 7

Unconditioned response:

Answer 7

Response triggered by unconditioned stimulus without prior learning

Question 8

Conditioned stimulus:

Answer 8

Through association with UCS, comes to trigger a conditioned response similar to the original UCR

Question 9

Conditioned response:

Answer 9

Response triggered by a conditioned stimulus

Question 10

Extinction:

Answer 10

Weakening, and eventual cessation of a CR, of a caused by the presentation of the CS without the UCS

Question 11

Spontaneous Recovery:

Answer 11

Reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials.

Question 12

Generalization:

Answer 12

Stimuli similar to initial CS triggers CR. This aids in survival. Ex: If an animal hears the rustling of a bush and is attacked by a predator, through stimulus generalization the animal develops an alarm response to a range of rustling sounds.

Question 13

Discrimination:

Answer 13

CR occurs to one stimulus, but not to another. Allows organisms to discriminate differences between stimuli preventing unnecessary stress.

Question 14

Higher order Conditioning:

Answer 14

When a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after it is paired with another CS. Usually, this higher order CS is weaker and extinguishes more rapidly that the original CS

Question 15

Exposure Therapies:

Answer 15

Exposure to the fears stimulus without any UCS, allowing extinction to occur.

Question 16

Thorndike’s Law of Effect:

Answer 16

States that in a given situation, a response followed by a satisfying result will become more likely to occur.

Question 17

Operant Conditioning:

Answer 17

Type of learning in which behaviour is influenced by its consequences

Question 18

Reinforcement and Punishment:

Answer 18

When a response is strengthened by an outcome that follows it. Punishment being the exact opposite.

Question 19

Discriminative stimulus:

Answer 19

A signal that a particular response will now produce certain consequences.

Question 20

Positive Reinforcement:

Answer 20

A response is strengthened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus

Question 21

Negative Reinforcement:

More on Page 241 Fig 7.12 in Psychology: Frontiers and Applications book.

Answer 21

Response strengthened by the subsequent removal or avoidance of a stimulus

Question 22

Primary Reinforcers:

Answer 22

Stimuli that are reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs. Secondary reinforces become reinforces when associated with primary reinforcers (E.g money, praise)

Question 23

Delay of Gratification:

Answer 23

Ability to forego an immediate smaller reward for a delayed but more satisfying outcome

Question 24

Shaping:

Answer 24

Reinforcing successive approximations toward a final response

Question 25

Chaining:

Answer 25

Reinforcing each response with opportunity to perform the next response. Usually begins with the final response and works backwards to the first response

Question 26

Operant Generalization:

Answer 26

An operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus or situations that is similar to the original one.

Question 27

Operant Discrimination:

Answer 27

Means an operant response will occur to one antecedent stimulus but not to another.

Question 28

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 28

Every response of a particular type is reinforced. Whereas in partial reinforcement only some responses are reinforced

Question 29

Fixed-ratio schedule:

Answer 29

Reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of response or fixed time interval

Question 30

Variable-Ratio Schedule:

Answer 30

Reinforcement occurs after an average number of responses or passage of time

Question 31

Fixed interval schedule:

Answer 31

The first correct response that occurs after a fixed time interval is reinforced.

Question 32

Variable interval schedule:

Answer 32

Reinforcement given for first correct response after a variable time interval.

Question 33

Escape and Avoidance Conditioning:

Answer 33

In escape conditioning, organisms learn a response to terminate an aversive stimulus. Avoidance Conditioning is when an organisms learns a response to completely avoid an aversive stimulus.

Question 34

Biological Preparedness:

Answer 34

Biologically prewired to easily learn behaviours related to survival

Question 35

Instinctive Drift:

Answer 35

A conditioned response "drifts back" toward instinctive behaviour

Question 36

Latent learning:

Answer 36

Learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until there in an incentive to perform.

Question 37

Observational learning:

Answer 37

Learning that occurs by observing the behaviour of a model.

Question 38

Four step of Modelling

Answer 38

Attention: Paying attention to the model's behaviour Retention: Retain the information in memory for recollection later Reproduction: Must be physically capable of reproducing the model's behaviour Motivation: must be motivated to display the behaviour