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Psych 1101 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Define learning

A

the acquisition, from experience, of new knowledge, skills, or responses that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

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2
Q

Define habituation

A

a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding

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3
Q

Define sensitization

A

presentation of a stimulus results in an increased response to a later stimulus

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4
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

when a neural stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

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5
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus? example from pavlov

A

something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism i.e. presentation of food

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6
Q

What is an unconditioned response? example from pavlov

A

a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus i.e. dog salivation

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7
Q

What is acquisition?

A

the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together

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8
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus? example from pavlov

A

a previously neutral stimulus that produces a reliable response in an organism after being paired with a US i.e. sound of bell

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9
Q

What is the conditioned response? example from pavlov

A

a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced b a conditioned stimulus i.e. dog salivation to bell alone

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10
Q

What is second-order conditioning?

A

a type of learning where a CS is paired with a stimulus that became associated with the US in an earlier procedure i.e. money–> new car –> joy

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11
Q

What is extinction?

A

the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US

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12
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

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13
Q

What is generalization?

A

The CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the CS used during acquisition

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14
Q

What is discrimination?

A

the capacity to distinguish between similar, but distinct stimuli

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15
Q

What are the cognitive elements of classical conditioning?

A

the CS sets up an expectation, leading to many behaviors associated with presence of CS; explains why dogs didn’t salivate at Pavlov (he was unreliable)

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16
Q

What are neural elements of classical conditioning?

A
  • cerebellum (motor skills and learning) in eye-blink experiment
  • amygdala in fear conditioning
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17
Q

What are the evolutionary elements of classical conditioning?

A

mechanism to avoid any food that once made organism ill:

  • rapid learning
  • conditioning over long intervals (food could take longer to make ppl sick)
  • aversion based on smell or taste rather than ingestion
  • learned aversion to novel, not familiar, foods
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18
Q

What is biological preparedness?

A

a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others

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19
Q

Why are generalization and discrimination two sides of the same coin?

A

the more organisms show one, the less they show the other; discrimination shows diminished response

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20
Q

How has cancer patients’ discomfort been eased by understanding of food aversions?

A

give odd flavored candy before nausea-inducing chemo so patients dont hate common foods

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21
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

a type of learning in which the consequences of an organisms behavior determine whether it will repeat that behavior in the future

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22
Q

What is difference between operant and classical conditioning?

A

classical conditioning studies reactive behaviors, whereas operant conditioning explores active behaviors

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23
Q

What did Thorndike state in the law of effect?

A

behaviors that are followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” tend to be repeated, and those that produce an “unpleasant state of affairs” are less likely to be repeated

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24
Q

Briefly describe Thorndikes findings

A

cat with lever to get out of cage and get food; first did usual, ineffective behaviors then did less and less of these behaviors and instead focused on lever

25
What is operant behavior?
behavior that an organism performs that has some impact on the environment
26
What is a reinforcer?
any stimulus or event that increases the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
27
What is a punisher?
any stimulus or event that decreases the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
28
What are primary reinforcers?
food, comfort, shelter, warmth; satisfy basic biological needs
29
What are secondary reinforcers?
derive effectiveness from associations with primary reinforcers through classical conditioning
30
The more time elapses, the ___ effective the reinforcer; examples?
less; smoker quitting difficult b/c benefits far in future; short vs long term reinforcement
31
What is Skinner's three term contingency?
in the presence of a discriminative stimulus, a response produces a reinforcer
32
What are interval and ratio schedules?
interval schedules- based on the time intervals between reinforcements ratio schedules- based on the ratio of responses to reinforcements
33
What is a fixed-interval schedule?
recinforcers are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made
34
What is a variable-interval schedule?
a behavior is reinforced on the basis of an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement
35
What is a fixed-ratio schedule?
reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made
36
What is a variable-ratio schedule?
the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses
37
What is intermittent reinforcement?
whereby only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement
38
What is the intermittent reinforcement effect?
the fact that operant behaviors are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement
39
What is shaping? Skinner rat ex
learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior i.e. giving rat food every time he performs behavior related to the lever like turning towards it or walking towards it
40
Discuss Skinners findings on superstition
pigeons on fixed-interval feeding performed strange behaviors like spinning; b/c they happened to be doing behavior when food first arrived, they inferred causation from the correlation
41
What is latent learning?
something is learned, but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future
42
What is a cognitive map? example
a mental representation of the physical features of an environment i.e. rat maze
43
Describe Tolman's first rat maze experiment and conclusion
3 groups ran maze, 1 control with no food, 1 food after 10 days, and 1 food whole time; the second group showed evidence of latent learning that occurred w/out presence of reinforcement; they made cognitive map of maze
44
Describe Tolman's second rat maze experiment and conclusion
2 mazes: 1) one path to food, which was diagonally up and right to starting point 2) this path is blocked, but instead of going to nearest path like theory of stimulus generalization would dictate, rat goes diagonally up and right, demonstrating cognitive map
45
Pleasure centers include neurons in the _____ _______ _____, a pathway that meanders from the midbrain through the ______ into the _____ _____
medial forebrain bundle; hypothalamus; nucleus accumbens
46
Describe evolutionary elements of operant conditioning using rats
In T maze, rats that find food in right arm will go to left arm the next day; contradicts behaviorist idea that going to right arm was reinforced; rats evolved to be foragers and look for food in their environment
47
What do positive and negative mean in operant conditioning?
positive- stimulus presented | negative- stimulus removed
48
What is observational learning?
an organism learns by watching the actions of others
49
Describe experiment with observational learning
children shown adults performing specific aggressive actions towards bobo doll more likely performed similar actions; if adult punished, they were less likely, but if adult were rewarded, they were much more likely
50
What is a diffusion chain?
individuals initially learn a behavior by watching other individuals perform that behavior, and then become models from which other individuals learn the behavior
51
Regions in the _____ ____ and _____ ____ are thought to be part of the mirror neuron system in humans
frontal lobe; parietal lobe
52
What do mirror neurons do?
they fire when an animal performs an action and also when that animal watches someone else perform the same task
53
What is implicit learning?
learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of info acquisition
54
When asked to carry out implicit tasks, people...? but on explicit tasks, people..?
differ relatively little from each other; show large individual differences
55
Describe artificial grammar and implicit learning
in experiments, ppl can follow and detect errors in artificial grammar rules without being able to articulate those rules
56
Name three brain structures used in explicit learning
left temporal lobe, right temporal lobe, parietal lobe
57
What area of the brain showed decreased activity in implicit learners?
occipital lobe
58
When students cram, they are forfeiting _______ _______ for _____ _____
distributed practice; massed practice
59
What is interleaved practice?
a practice schedule that mixes different kinds of problems or materials within a single study session; effective w/math

Psych 1101 (18 decks)

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