Chapter 8 Flashcards by Hannah B

Define valence

how positive or negative an experience is

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Define arousal

how active or passive an experience is

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How to measure emotional experiences? (Hint: 2 dimensions)

valence and arousal

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Define emotion

positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity

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Define James-Lange theory

stimulus triggers activity in body, which int turn produces an emotional experience in brain; had a lot of problems

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What is the Cannon-Bard theory?

a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the body and emotional experiences in brain

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What is the two-factor theory of emotion?

a stimulus triggers a general state of arousal in body, which mind interprets as specific emotion

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People (do, do not) make inferences a/b causes of physiological arousal, which do determine _____ ______; example experiment?

emotional experience; brains injected w/ arousing epinephrine; confeds. acted goofy, ppl concluded they were happy, confeds acted nasty, ppl concluded they were angry

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T/F Two-factor theory: different emotional experiences are diff. interpretations of singly bodily state of “arousal”

FALSE– single bodily state does not underlie all emotions

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What is appraisal?

an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus

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Where does the fast pathway run?

from thalamus directly to amygdala

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Where does the slow pathway run?

from thalamus to cortex to amygdala

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In fast pathway, what can happen to a person’s cognition when faced with scary thing?

a person can be afraid of something before knowing what it is b/c info goes from thalamus to amygdala

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What is job of cortex in downregulation?

once cortex investigates threat, it deregulates amygdala: “reduce your activity”

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T/F Suppression is, or inhibiting outward signs of emotion, is effective way to regulate it

FALSE

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T/F Affect labeling, or putting ones feelings into words, doesnt affect emotions

FALSE: helps reduce intensity of emotional states

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What is reappraisal? example

changing one’s emotional experiences by changing the way one thinks about the stimulus that elicits the emotion i.e. circumcision is sweet religious ceremony vs. no description

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What is multidimensional scaling?

creates map of emotional experiences

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What is Darwin’s universality hypothesis?

emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone

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Why do people express emotions in same way?

words are arbitrary symbols, but expressions are signs b/c they are caused by things they signify

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What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify

What is a display rule?

norm for appropriate expression of emotion i.e. stranger vs. grandma insulting u

Describe techniques for display rule

intensification– exaggerating i.e. faking pleased w/bad gift
deintensification– muting expression of emotion i.e. loser muting sadness
masking– expressing 1 emotion but feeling another i.e. judges hiding contempt for lawyers under impartiality
neutralizing– no expression i.e. poker face

Example of difference in cultural display rules

Japanese and American students watch gory video, Japanese students masked disgust when experimenter was in room

Differences between sincere and insincere expressions

- morphology= reliable muscles, which ppl can control vs other ones - symmetry= more sincere, more symmetrical - duration= shorter duration, more sincere - temporal patterning= sincere is smooth expressions, fake is choppy and abrupt

2 reasons ppl suck at knowing if emotions are genuine

1) biased towards thinking emotions are real | 2) don't know what to look for

How do emotions move people?

1) provide ppl w/info about world | 2) emotions are objectives toward which ppl strive

Capgras syndrome: what causes ppl to think family members are possessed by aliens?

connections between temporal lobe (where face are identified) + limbic system (where emotions are generated); recognized Dad but didnt have warm feelings

What is the hedonic principle?

the claim that ppl are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

What are drives?

internal states caused by physiological needs--> maintain homeostasis

What is drive-reduction theory?

a theory suggesting that organisms are motivated to reduce their drives

What is Maslows hierarchy of needs? Bottom to top

physiological needs, safety and security, belonging and love, esteem, self-actualization

What receives orexigenic signals in brain? What happens when destroyed

lateral hypothalamus; when destroyed, rats starve themselves in cage full of food

What receives anorexigenic signals in brain? What happens when destroyed

ventromedial hypothalamus; rats gorge themselves sick

How do our bodies resist weight gain?

1) fat cell # and size increases when we gain weight, but when we lose weight, only size decreases 2) bodies respond to dieting by decreasing metabolism , or rate our bodies use energy

What three hormones play a role in sexual desire?

1. DHE- initial onset of desire 2. testosterone- evidence shows it might apply to both genders 3. estrogen

What is the human sexual response cycle?

stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity

What are 4 phases of human sexual response cycle?

1) excitement phase 2) plateau phase 3) orgasm phase 4) resolution (w/ refractory period where stimulation does not produce excitement)

What causes eating disorders?

genetic, experimental, psychological, cultural

Two ways our psychological motivations differ from biological ones

1) biological motivations shared w/ other animals, psych. not (i.e. tunisian merchant suicide) 2) psychological motivations limitless

What is an intrinsic motivation?

motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding

What is an extrinsic motivation?

motivation to take actions that lead to reward i.e. working for $, flossing

How can the promise of a reward undermine intrinsic motivation?

if ppl are paid to i.e. do puzzle, then puzzle must not have been very fun

Examples of when threat of punishment create intrinsic motivation

college students more likely to cheat if experimenter warned against it; day care center making fine for late pick up

What is need for achievement?

motivation to solve worthwhile problems

What is approach motivation?

the motivation to experience positive outcomes

What is avoidance motivation?

motivation to experience negative outcomes

What is loss aversion?

tendency to care more about avoiding losses than about achieving equal size gains

Which is more powerful, approach or avoidance motivation? ex

avoidance i.e. grocery bag tax

Loss aversion leads ppl to take risks to avoid ____ but no to ____ _____

loss; achieve gains

What is terror management theory?

A theory about how people respond to knowledge of their own mortality--> shielded from existential anxiety by cultural worldview

What is mortality salience hypothesis?

ppl reminded of their mortality are especially motivated to hang on to cultural worldview