Chapter 7

Question 1

Contiguity

Answer 1

association of two events because of repeated pairing

Question 2

stimulus

Answer 2

event that activates behaviour

Question 3

response

Answer 3

observable reaction to stimulus

Question 4

respondents

Answer 4

resonses (auto/involuntary) elicited by specific stimuli

Question 5

classic conditionning

Answer 5

association of auto responses with new stimuli

Question 6

neutal stimulus

Answer 6

stimulus not connected to a response

Question 7

unconditioned stimulus (us)

Answer 7

stimulus that automatically produces an emotional or physiological response

Question 8

Unconditioned response (ur)

Answer 8

naturally occurring emotional or physiological response

Question 9

conditioned stimulus (cs)

Answer 9

stimulus that evokes an emotiona or physio. response after conditioning

Question 10

conditioned response (cr)

Answer 10

learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Question 11

operants

Answer 11

voluntary behaviours emitted by a person (generally goal orientated)

Question 12

operant conditioning

Answer 12

learning in which voluntary behaviour is strengthened or weakened by consequences or antecedents

Question 13

antecedents

Answer 13

events that precede an action

Question 14

consequences

Answer 14

events that follow an action

Question 15

reinforcement

Answer 15

use of consequence to strengthen behaviour

Question 16

positive rienforcement

Answer 16

strengthens behaviour by presenting desired stimulus when the behaviour occurs

Question 17

negative reinforcement

Answer 17

strengthens by removing stimulus when behaviour occurs

Question 18

Aversive

Answer 18

annoying (car seat belt alert)

Question 19

punishment

Answer 19

process that weakens or supresses behaviours.

Punishment can effect relationships and does not foster empathy or true reckognition of morals.

Question 20

presentation punishment

Answer 20

presenting stimulus following an unwanted behaviour so to suppress it

Question 21

removal punishment

Answer 21

taking away a pleasant stimulus following undesired behaviour as to suppress it

Question 22

continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 22

presenting reinforcer after every desired response

Question 23

intermittent reinforcement sched.

Answer 23

presenting reinforcer after some responses

Question 24

interval schedule

Answer 24

length of time between reinforcers

Question 25

ratio schedule

Answer 25

reinforcement based on the number of responses between reinforcers

Question 26

extinction

Answer 26

the dissapearance of a learned response

Question 27

Skinner's pigeons thoery

Answer 27

stimulus control : pigeon pecking for food when light is on. capacity for antecedents to cause behaviours.

Question 28

Cueing

Answer 28

providing a stimulus that "sets up" a desired behaviour

Question 29

prompt

Answer 29

a reminder that follows cue

Question 30

applied behaviour analysis

Answer 30

the application of behavioural learning principles to understand and change behaviour

Question 31

behaviour modification

Answer 31

systematic application of antecedents and consequences to change behaviour

Question 32

Premack principle (David Premack 1965)

Answer 32

Grandma's rule : do something you don't like and then you can do something you do like. Activites or stimuli that someone enjoys are reinforcers

Question 33

successive approximations

Answer 33

small components that make up a complex behaviour (can be shaped)

Question 34

task analysis

Answer 34

system for breaking down task hierarchy into basic skills and subskills : picture of logical sequences of steps toward a goal.

Question 35

positive practice

Answer 35

practicing correct answers after incorrect answers

Question 36

Social learning theory

Answer 36

emphasizes learning through observation of others (Albert Bandura 1977)

Question 37

Enactive learning

Answer 37

learning by doing and learning from consequences

Question 38

Vicarious or observational learning

Answer 38

learning by observing and then imitating others

Question 39

Steps in self-management

Answer 39

- students can apply behaviour analysis on their own - teachers can encourage self management and development by allowing students set goals,keep track of progress,evaluating and selection.

Question 40

What was Bandura's challenge

Answer 40

He belived traditional behaviour learning was too limited. He argued for observational learning.

Question 41

enactive vs. vicarious

Answer 41

doing and experiencing vs. observing and imitating