Chapter 8

Question 1

Cognitive view of learning

Answer 1

general approach that views learning as an active mental process of aquiring, remembering and using knowledge.

Question 2

cognitive science

Answer 2

the study of thinking, language, intelligence, knowledge creation and the brain

Question 3

Sensory memory

Answer 3

system that holds sensory information very briefly (sight,smell,sound,taste,touch)

Question 4

automacity

Answer 4

the ability to carry out complex behaviour with little mental effort.

Question 5

working memory

Answer 5

the info that you are focusing on at a given moment

Question 6

how long does short term memory hold information?

Answer 6

about 20 seconds unless rehearsed

Question 7

central executive

Answer 7

the part of working memory that is responsible for monotiring and directing attention and other mental resources.

Question 8

phonological loop

Answer 8

part of working memory. a speech- and sound related system for holding and rehearsing (refreshing) words and sound in short term memory.

Question 9

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 9

part of our working memory. A holding system for visual and spatial information.

Question 10

Episodic buffer

Answer 10

the process that brings together and integrates info from the phonological loop , visuospatial sketchpad, and long term memory under the supervision of the central executive.

Question 11

cognitive load

Answer 11

The amount of mental resources required to perform a particular task.

Question 12

intrinsic vs extraneous cognitive load

Answer 12

• the resources required for the task regardless of other stimuli
• the resources required to process stimuli irrelevent to the task.

Question 13

germane cognitive load

Answer 13

procession of info related to task including application of prior knowledge

Question 14

Maintenance vs Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 14

• repeating info to keep it in working memory

- associating info with something you already know to keep it in working memory

Question 15

chunking

Answer 15

grouping individual info into meaningful larger chunks

Question 16

Decay

Answer 16

fading of memory after time

Question 17

Declaritive knowledge

Answer 17

knowledge that can be declared with verbal or symbols ; “knowing something is the case:”

Question 18

procedural knowledge

Answer 18

knowing how to do something- knowledge demonstrated by performance

Question 19

self- regulatory knowledge

Answer 19

knowing how to manage your learning or knowing how and when to use your procedual or declarative knowledge

Question 20

implicit memory

Answer 20

knowledge that we are not concious of recalling but that influences our behaviour without awareness

Question 21

propositional network

Answer 21

set of interconnected concepts and relationships in which long term knowledge is kept

Question 22

Dual coding theory

Answer 22

proposed by Paivio; suggests that info is stored in long term memory as either visual or verbal units, sometimes both

Question 23

concept

Answer 23

groups similar events, ideas, objects and people

Question 24

exemplar

Answer 24

an actual memory of a specific object (not just “chair” but the chair in my office)

Question 25

Episodic mempory

Answer 25

connected to a specific setting

Question 26

flashbulb memory

Answer 26

clear vivid memories of important events

Question 27

Levels of processing thoery

Answer 27

proposed as an alternative to short and long term memory theorising recall of information is based on how deeply it is processed.

Question 28

spreading activation

Answer 28

retrieval of info based on their relatedness to eachother. remembering one things leads to remembering another and carrying on.

Question 29

mnemonics

Answer 29

theqniques for remembering ; when info has little inherent meaning, mnemonic strategies build meaning by connecting what is to be learned or established

Question 30

rote memorization

Answer 30

rehearsing info without actually grasping it

Question 31

serial position effect

Answer 31

tendency to remember beginning and end but not the middle

Question 32

part learning

Answer 32

breaking info into different pieces in order to learn them better

Question 33

distributed practice

Answer 33

practice with breaks

Question 34

massed practice

Answer 34

cramming, non stop practice

Question 35

automated basic skills

Answer 35

skills that applied without thought

Question 36

Cognitive learning vs behavioural learning

Answer 36

cognitive learning, knowledge is learned, chyanges in knowledge makes behaviour possible. according to behavioural knowledge, new behaviours are learned.

Question 37

Knowledge and its effect on learning

Answer 37

cognitive thoerists say that the pre conceived knowledge is important to bring to the learning situation.

Question 38

Which learning processes impprove long term memory

Answer 38

elaboration,organization,imagery and context