Chapter 7, 8, 9

Question 0

Describe litmus:

Answer 0

Acid-turns from blue to red

Bases-turns from red to blue

Question 1

Describe phenolphthalein:

Answer 1

Turns from pink to colorless in acid

Turns from colorless to pink in base solution

Question 2

To produce a sour taste, an ____ is added to carbonated beverages.

Answer 2

Acid

Question 3

What is the action of phenolphthalein in acidic solutions?

Answer 3

It turns from pink to colorless.

Question 4

Vinegar; acid or base?

Answer 4

Acid

Question 5

Soap; acid or base?

Answer 5

Base

Question 6

Tomatoes; acid or base?

Answer 6

Acid

Question 7

Black coffee; acid or base?

Answer 7

Acid

Question 8

The strength of an acid is related to its __________________.

Answer 8

Extent of ionization.

Question 9

CaCO{3}(s) –> CaO(s) + O{2}(g) Entropy?

Answer 9

Increase in entropy (states, solid to gas)

Question 10

Cr{3} (aq) + 6H{2}O (L) –> [Cr(H{2}O){6}]{3} (aq) Entropy?

Answer 10

Decrease in entropy (more molecules on reactants side)

Question 11

2O{3} (g) –> 3 O{2} (g) Entropy?

Answer 11

Increase in entropy (more molecules on product side)

Question 12

On the BASIS OF ENERGY considerations, for a spontaneous reaction, heat should be:

Answer 12

Released

Question 13

Out if ice, water, and vapors, the most random state is:

Answer 13

Vapors

Question 14

If a reaction is slow, what does it tell us about the activation energy of that reaction?

Answer 14

It has a high activation energy

Question 15

What are the different radiations coming from the sun and their percentage?

Answer 15

Infrared (IR) 53%

Visible 39%

Ultraviolet (UV) 8%

Question 16

What absorbs most UV rays keeping them from the earths surface?

Answer 16

Oxygen and Ozone

Question 17

Where is the ozone located?

Answer 17

Stratosphere layer

Question 18

What is the maximum concentration of ozone in the densest region of the stratospheric layer?

Answer 18

10{19} molecules per cubic meter

Question 19

Describe UV-A radiation

Answer 19

Wavelength: 320-400nm, least energetic (common on earth but not as dangerous as other types of UV radiations)

Causes; premature aging and wrinkling, can cause fatal skin cancer

Question 20

Describe UV-B radiation

Answer 20

Wavelength: 280-320nm, intermediate energy, most UV-B absorbed by ozone O3….damages DNA and weakens immune system

Eye damage

Question 21

Describe UV-C

Answer 21

Wavelength: 200-280nm, most energetic, completely absorbed by oxygen and ozone in the atmosphere

Question 22

In 1995, who was awarded the Nobel prize for discovering CFCs are destroying the ozone layer?

Answer 22

Paul Crutzen, Sherwood Roland, and Mario Molina

Question 23

Define reaction rate:

Answer 23

The amount of reactant converted to product in a specific time

Question 24

Is Breaking bonds endothermic or exothermic?

Answer 24

Endothermic, heat needs to be absorbed to break bonds

Question 25

1 mole

Answer 25

6.022 x 10{23}

Question 26

Dissolution of sugar in water, entropy?

Answer 26

Increases

Question 27

2 Na (s) + Cl (g) --> 2 NaCl (s), entropy?

Answer 27

Decreases, (states, solid to gas)

Question 28

A reaction will always be SPONTANEOUS if energy ____ and entropy ____

Answer 28

Spontaneous= energy decreases and entropy increases

Question 29

A reaction will always be NON spontaneous if energy ____ and entropy ____.

Answer 29

NON spontaneous= energy increases and entropy decreases

Question 30

pH levels?

Answer 30

Acidic: 7

Question 31

Bases give ___ and accept ___

Answer 31

Bases give OH(-) and accept H+

Question 32

Bronsted-Lowry definition:

Answer 32

Acid: Proton donor Base: Proton acceptor

Question 33

H{2}SO{2}

Answer 33

Sulfuric Acid

Question 34

What is antacid?

Answer 34

Sodium Bicarbonate

Question 35

Equilibrium is only concerned with ___

Answer 35

Speed, and is only attained in a closed container

Question 36

What affects chemical equilibrium?

Answer 36

Pressure, increase in pressure shifts equilibrium toward product or forward...decrease in pressure shifts equilibrium toward reactant or backward

Question 37

What is a buffer?

Answer 37

A solution that resists a change in its pH on addition of an acid or base. (Contains both acids and bases that counteract new additions of acids and bases)

Question 38

What does pH equal?

Answer 38

pH = -log[H^3O+]