chapter 7

Question 1

BMI

Answer 1

• weight/height

- worst method to assess body weight

Question 2

obesity trends in canada

Answer 2

• increasing over the years
• higher in older people
• higher in us than canada

Question 3

chances of being obese lower with

Answer 3

• more fruits and veg

- more physical activity

Question 4

limits of BMI

Answer 4

• doesnt represent body composition

- inaccurate for those: with lots or little muscle mass, pregnant, under 18 or over 65

Question 5

body composition

Answer 5

• can measure % body fat
• men and women differ on what % is excessive
• increased risk of health problems

Question 6

skin folds

Answer 6

• 2 compartmental
• not accurate for obese
• not accurate for seniors
• requires skill and training

Question 7

underwater weighing

Answer 7

• can be accurate
• fat less dense than lean tissue
• uses equations

Question 8

air displacement plethsymography

Answer 8

• bod pod
• similar to underwater
• uses air instead of water
• accurate

Question 9

bioelectrical impedence

Answer 9

• low energy current to body measures resistance to electrical flow
• fat resistant to flow
• varies by hydration

Question 10

waist to hip

Answer 10

• greater disease risk with an apple shapped body, excess fat around abdomen than pear shape

Question 11

waist circumference

Answer 11

• just as good as waist to hip
• better than just bmi
• men +102 cm = health risk
• women +88cm = health risk

Question 12

thigh circumference

Answer 12

• small (<60cm) assocaited with increased risk of cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases

Question 13

DXA

Answer 13

• dual energy x ray absorptiometry

- most accurate

Question 14

hyperplasia

Answer 14

• increase in total number of cells

Question 15

hypertrophy

Answer 15

increase in cell size

Question 16

weight loss

Answer 16

• number of adipocytes stays the same

- body wants to refill fat cells so must excersie lots post weight loss

Question 17

obesithy environmental factors

Answer 17

• socioeconomic status
• social factors
• urbaniation - vehicle use
• mechanization

Question 18

metabolic syndrom

Answer 18

• large waist
• high triglyceride levles
• reduced hdl levels
• increased bc
• elevating fasting blood glucose

Question 19

obesity lifestyle factors

Answer 19

• lack of physical activity
• psychological factors encouraging overeating
• smoking

Question 20

obesity biological factors

Answer 20

• genetics
• sex and age
• race and ethnicity

Question 21

health risks of obesity

Answer 21

• hypertension
• heart disease
• diabetes
• cancer
• joint diseases
• gout
• gallbladder disease
• sleep apnea

Question 22

weight loss surgury risks

Answer 22

• increased infections
• blood clots
• adverse reactions
• staples may loosen

Question 23

components of energy expenditure

Answer 23

• physical activity
• thermic effect of food (easy to digest and absorb)
• resting energy expenditure

Question 24

resting energy expenditure (REE)

Answer 24

• energy for body functions

- affected by body size, composition, age, M/F

Question 25

thermic effect of food

Answer 25

- energy used to digest, absorb, metabolize food | - higher for CHO and protien than fat

Question 26

estimated energy requirement (EER)

Answer 26

- to figure out how many k cals someone needs - takes into account age, weight, gneder, height, ohysia activity - overestimates seniors and underestimates kids - predicts total energy expenditure

Question 27

estimating energy expenditure method 1

Answer 27

resting energy expenditure: - men = weight x 1 x 2, women = weight x .9 x 24 - physical acitivty: add a % of REE - TEF: 5-10% of ree and physical activity

Question 28

estimating energy expenditure method 2 haris benedict

Answer 28

- estimates resting energy needs (REE) - considers height, weight age and gender - men: 66.5 + (13.8) x weight) + (5 x height) - (6.8 x (age in y) - women 66.1 + (9.6) x weight) + (1.5 x height) - (4.7 x (age in y)

Question 29

thrifty gene theory

Answer 29

- genes cause people to be energetically thrifty - gain weight m ore easily - no gene has been identified

Question 30

set point theory

Answer 30

- each persons weight predetermined to stay within a range - body compensates for changes in energy balance and keeps weight at set point - explains why dieting doesnt work

Question 31

leptin theory

Answer 31

- hormone produced by fat cells - causes reduced food intake, reduced weight, decreased body fat - if mutation in ob levels (gene that controls leptin), reduced levels lead to increased food intake and reduced energy outptu

Question 32

regulation of intake

Answer 32

- hungre - satiation - signal to stop eating - satiety - lack of hunger - appetitte

Question 33

macronutrient best for satiety

Answer 33

- protein then fat

Question 34

environmental factros

Answer 34

- hypothalamis reglates temp - cold eat more than when hot - increases metabolic rate - eat more = insulation

Question 35

neurological and hormonal factors

Answer 35

- neuropeptide Y stimulates apetite