Chapter 7

Question 1

What are vitamins?

Answer 1

Organic molecules needed in very small amounts for cellular metabolism

Question 2

Vitamins perform what?

Answer 2

Specific metabolic functions

Question 3

Vitamins are essential nutrients to be provided by what?

Answer 3

Diet

Question 4

What are water soluble vitamins?

Answer 4

B complex vitamins
Choline
Vitamin C

Question 5

What are characteristics of water soluble vitamins?

Answer 5

• Minimal storage

- deficiencies develop more -quickly usually low risk of toxicity

Question 6

What are fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 6

Vitamin A
vitamin D
vitamin E
vitamin K

Question 7

What are characteristics of fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 7

-Excess stored in body -deficiencies longer to develop -greater risk of toxicity

Question 8

Vitamins are in almost all foods but it is best to consume vitamins from what?

Answer 8

Food sources

Question 9

synthetic vitamins (supplements) perform same vitamin function but may lack what?

Answer 9

Other benefits found in foods

Question 10

What are phytochemicals?

Answer 10

Non-nutritive substances in plant-based foods that appear to have disease fighting properties

Question 11

What is the function of Thiamine (B1)?

Answer 11

Coenzyme for energy metabolism.

Role in muscle contraction and conduction of nerve cells.

Question 12

What are types of thiamine deficiency’s?

Answer 12

Beriberi: ataxia and tachycardia

Question 13

What is the toxicity of thiamine?

Answer 13

Nontoxic

Question 14

What is the function of riboflavin (B2)?

Answer 14

Coenzyme in energy release

Question 15

What are riboflavin deficiencies?

Answer 15

Ariboflavinosis: cheilosis, glossitis, seborrheic dermatitis

Question 16

What is what is the toxicity of riboflavin?

Answer 16

Non-toxic

Question 17

What is the function of niacin(B3)?

Answer 17

Energy metabolism

Question 18

What are niacin deficiencies?

Answer 18

Pellagra: the 3 ads: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia

Question 19

What is the toxicity of Niacin?

Answer 19

Causes vasodilation and Flushing effect

Question 20

What is the function of pyridoxine (B6)?

Answer 20

Coenzyme in metabolism of amino acids and proteins

Question 21

What are pyridoxine deficiencies?

Answer 21

Accompanies low intakes of other B vitamins

Question 22

What is the toxicity of pyridoxine?

Answer 22

UL 100 mg/day

-Megadose supplementation may cause ataxia and sensory neuropathy

Question 23

What is the function of folate (B9)?

Answer 23

• Required for synthesis amino acids, DNA and RNA
• forms the heme portion of hemoglobin
• Role in proper formation of fetal neural tube affecting brain and spinal cord

Question 24

What are folate deficiencies?

Answer 24

-Results in megaloblastic anemia, glossitis, diarrhea, irritability, absentmindedness,
depression, anxiety
-drug nutrient interactions: Anticonvulsants, oral contraceptives, aspirin

Question 25

What is the toxicity of folate?

Answer 25

UL 1000 mcg folic acid (excessive intake may mask B12 deficiency)

Question 26

What is the function of cobalamin (B12)?

Answer 26

- Required for metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids | - Develops and maintains Myelin sheaths around nerve fibers

Question 27

what are colabamin deficiencies?

Answer 27

Results in megaloblastic anemia or pernicious anemia

Question 28

What is the toxicity of cobalamin?

Answer 28

Unknown

Question 29

What is the function of biotin (B7)?

Answer 29

Important role in CHO, fat, and protein metabolism

Question 30

What are Biotin deficiencies?

Answer 30

-Possible with intravenous feeding’s, long-term anabiotic use, and consumption of language

Question 31

What is the biotin toxicity?

Answer 31

Unknown

Question 32

What is the function of pantothenic acid (B5)?

Answer 32

Metabolism of carbohydrates fats and proteins

Question 33

what are pantothenic acid deficiencies?

Answer 33

Unknown

Question 34

what is the toxicity of pantothenic acid?

Answer 34

10 to 20 g may produce diarrhea or water retention

Question 35

What is the function of choline?

Answer 35

Synthesis of acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) and lecithin (The phospholipid)

Question 36

What is the toxicity of choline?

Answer 36

``` UL of 3500 mg adults Symptoms include sweating fishy body odor vomiting liver damage reduced growth low blood pressure ```

Question 37

What is the function of vitamin C

Answer 37

- Antioxidant and coenzyme - Wound healing: collagen formation - Enhances absorption of nonheme iron -evidence does not support reduced incidence of common cold:Supplementation may decrease ration and severity of symptoms

Question 38

What are deficiencies of vitamin C

Answer 38

- Scurvy - marginal deficiencies are poor wound health - gingivitis - in adequate tooth and bone growth and maintenance - increased risk of infection

Question 39

What is the toxicity of vitamin C

Answer 39

UL 2000mg adults; 400mg to 1800mg for children and adolescents -Chronic supplement result in cramps, diarrhea, nausea, kidney stones, gout, may interfere with anti-clotting medication

Question 40

What is the function of vitamin A

Answer 40

``` Maintains skin and mucous membranes Vision bone growth immune system function normal reproduction ```

Question 41

What are vitamin a deficiency’s

Answer 41

- Xerophthalmia: ranges from night blindness to keratomalacia - immune system impaired - respiratory infections diarrhea and other G.I. disturbances - Growth inhibited; limited bone growth

Question 42

What is vitamin a toxicity

Answer 42

Hypervitaminosis and | Excess beta carotene

Question 43

What is the function of vitamin D

Answer 43

Absorption of calcium and phosphorus, affects bone mineralization

Question 44

What are vitamin D deficiencies

Answer 44

- Children:Ricketts - adults:osteomalacia - osteoporosis

Question 45

What is the toxicity of vitamin D

Answer 45

UL of vitamin D 100 mcg (4000 IU)

Question 46

What is the function of vitamin E

Answer 46

Antioxidant

Question 47

What are vitamin D deficiencies

Answer 47

Primary deficiency is rare but symptoms include neurologic disorders and anemia due to hemolysis of RBCs

Question 48

What is the toxicity of vitamin E?

Answer 48

UL of 1000mg a-TE

Question 49

What is the function of vitamin K

Answer 49

Synthesis of blood clotting factors and contributes to pro team formation in Bone, kidney, and plasma

Question 50

What are vitamin K deficiency’s

Answer 50

Inhibits blood coagulation, | newborns given intramuscular injection to prevent hemorrhagic disease

Question 51

What is the toxicity of vitamin K

Answer 51

Excess amounts of supplements decrease effectiveness of anticoagulant medications and may increase stroke risk

Question 52

What are ways to overcome barriers of proper vitamin intake

Answer 52

Swallowing a pill and rethinking vitamin supplementation

Question 53

Which of the following or water soluble vitamins and must therefore be consumed on a more regular basis? A. Vitamins C, E , A B. Vitamins K, E, D C. Vitamins C, folate, B D. Vitamins K, E, folate

Answer 53

C