Chapter 7

Question 1

Gestalt Psychology emphasized what?

Answer 1

Organizational processes in perception, learning, problem solving.
Individuals are predisposed to organize info in particular ways.

Question 2

Phi Phenomenon

Answer 2

optical illusion when observing 2 lights blink on and off and it appears to be only one light moving back and forth
“whole is more than sum of the parts”

Question 3

Discuss Purposive Behaviorism

Answer 3

Tolman;

1. Beh. should be studied at a molar level
2. learning can occur without reinforcement
3. learning can occur without a change in beh.
4. Intervening variables must be considered
5. Individual differences, cognition, etc.

Question 4

What are 2 important things that Edward Tolman stated?

Answer 4

Behavior is goal oriented

Learning results in an organized body of info

Question 5

What is a cognitive map?

Answer 5

Learning where different parts of the environment are stiutated in relation to one another.

Question 6

Jean Piaget pointed out what?

Answer 6

Focus on mental events- logical reasoning processes and Structure of knowledge
Individuals are actively involved in learning
Knowledge represented in terms of structure
Cognitive dev’t from interactions with physical and social environments
Cogn dev’t occurs in distinct states

Question 7

schema

Answer 7

basic structure an individual’s knowledge is mentally represented.
Structured knowledge such as stereotypes, outline, models

Question 8

Cognitive structure

Answer 8

new schmes emerge, and existing schemes are modified and integrated with one another

Question 9

Piaget’s 4 stages of Dev’t

Answer 9

Sensorimotor (birth to age 2)
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)
Formal Operational Stage (11-adult)

Question 10

Neo-Piagetian Theories of Cognitive Dev’t

Answer 10

how children learn and reason changes over time

Question 11

Jerome Bruner

Answer 11

• Theory of conceptualization and perception
• Info-processing activities reflect need to simplify & understand environment by categorization
• Discovery Learning

Question 12

Ausubel

Answer 12

Expository Learning (or Reception Learning)
Meaningful Verbal Learning
Advance Organizers
Subsumption is to incorporate meaningful material into existing cognitive structure

Question 13

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 13

Scaffolding: providing guidance that enables student to perform tasks that are in the zone of proximal dev’t
Zone of proximal dev’t: The range of tasks the child cannot perform independently, but with help of others
Thought & Language Interdependent
Self-Talk: children talk to themselves out loud
Inner Speech: Children talk to themselves mentally rather than orally
Social Learning

Question 14

Behaviorism

Answer 14

Emphasis on roles of environmental conditions
Interested in only those beh. observed & Measured
Focus on stimuli and response
beh affected by conditioning of environmental events
Learning is perm. observ. change in behavior

Question 15

Cognitivism

Answer 15

Emphasis on how individuals process stimuli
Inter. in how people perceive, interpret and store info
Mental Events
Study of mental events inferred from well designed experiments
KNowled is organized; related to previous info
Learning is active mental process that is permanent
Learning can be controlled; may be covert as well as overt

Question 16

________________ instruction is one of the major/basic assumption of the industrional design field and is largely based on contemporary cognitive theories.

Answer 16

Learner centered or directed instruction

Question 17

how people perceive, interpret, remember, think about environmental events they experience

Answer 17

Cognitive processes

Question 18

Tolman’s Experiment

Answer 18

Learning can occur without reinforcement.

Question 19

Basic ideas for Gestalt

Answer 19

Perception is often diff. from reality
Whole is more than the sum of its parts (Trasposition)
Organims structures/organizes experiences

Question 20

Latent Learning

Answer 20

Learning can occur without a change in behavior

Question 21

Behavior is purposive

Answer 21

Goal-attained

Question 22

Perceive those things that are close together as a unit

Ex. 9 dots/e groups of 3

Answer 22

Law of Proximity

Question 23

Units as those things simliar to one another

ex. pg. 161/8-4 and 8-5

Answer 23

Law of Similiarity

Question 24

Filling in the missing pieces forms a complete picture

Answer 24

Law of Closure

Question 25

Memory traces tend to be simpler, more concise and more complete than the actual input

Answer 25

Law of Pragnanz

Question 26

________ believed that individuals were predisposed to organize information

Answer 26

Gestalt Psychology

Question 27

Sequence of items in a paricular order; ex. alphabet

Answer 27

Serial learning

Question 28

Learning pairs of items; learn state capitals

Answer 28

Paired associate learning

Question 29

Learn 1st and last items quicker than middle

Answer 29

Serial learning curve-primary or recency effects

Question 30

Spread study time/massed practice all at once

Answer 30

Distributed practice

Question 31

Learners often think and perform more intelligently when they draw on a variety of environmental support systems

Answer 31

Contextual Theories

Question 32

__________ enable learners to make sense of new situations and help them tackle challenging tasks and problems

Answer 32

Environmental Support Systems

Question 33

THe acquisition of new info or skills | Involes a long term change in mental representations or associations as a result of experience

Answer 33

Learning

Question 34

The ability to recall previously acquired info Process of reatining info for a period of time Location where acquired info is kept

Answer 34

Memory

Question 35

Learners try to actively organize and make sense of it often in unique, idiosyncratic ways Learning is more creating knowledge versus acquiring it from the outside world.

Answer 35

Constructivism Ex.: Astronomers made sense of phenomena they saw in telescopes

Question 36

Drawbacks for Constructivism:

Answer 36

Offers only a vague explanation of cognitive processes | Some constructivists take learner control too far

Question 37

``` Related to the 5 human senses holds preliminary incoming info holds environmental info unlimited capacity Forms of Storaage Duration for a brief time Rapid disappearnce of info ```

Answer 37

Sensory Register

Question 38

What 2 ways do info processing theorist term memory?

Answer 38

1. Saving info for a period of time | 2. a particular part of the human memory system where acquired info is located (working memory or LT memory)

Question 39

Putting new info in the memory

Answer 39

storage

Question 40

Modifying info in some way as information is stored in the memory

Answer 40

Encoding

Question 41

The process in which people find the info that was stored

Answer 41

Retrieval

Question 42

What model did William James propose?

Answer 42

Human memory has 3 components: an after image, a primrary memory, secondary memory

Question 43

Dual Store Model

Answer 43

Psychologists Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin: this claimed that working memory and LT memory are different things. Sensory Register; Working (Short-term) Memory and LT Memory

Question 44

What does the sensory register component do in the dual store model?

Answer 44

1st, holds incoming info long enough for it to undergo preliminary cognitive processing

Question 45

What are the 3 characteristics of the sensory register?

Answer 45

Capacity (very large), forms of storage, duration

Question 46

what are 2 factors that account for rapid disappearnce of info from the sensory register?

Answer 46

interference or fade away/decade over time

Question 47

What are some factors that people pay attention to and therefore store?

Answer 47

``` Motion size intensity novelty incongruity (objects that don't make sense) Social cues emotion Personal significance ```

Question 48

The ability to attend to one spoken message while ignoring others

Answer 48

cocktail party phenomenon