Chapter 7

Question 1

Sagital Plane

Answer 1

Divides the brain into left and right hemispheres

Question 2

Horizontal Plane

Answer 2

Divides the brain into dorsal and ventral parts (hamburger)

Question 3

Coronal Plane

Answer 3

Divides the brain into anterior and posterior parts

Question 4

Are spinal nerves part of the central or peripheral nervous system ?

Answer 4

Spinal nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system.

Question 5

Vertebral Column

Answer 5

Protects the spinal cord

Question 6

Dorsal root ganglia

Answer 6

Cell bodies’ of the spinal nerves

Question 7

Dorsal root / Afferent axons

Ventral root / Efferent Axons

Answer 7

Signals from the body enters the spinal cord from dorsal root via afferent axons (arrive).
Signals from the brain enters the spinal cord from ventral room via efferent axons. (exist).

Question 8

Sagittal Fissure

Answer 8

Cerebral Hemispheres are divided by sagittal fissure.

Question 9

Is cerebellum control the ipsilateral or contralateral part of the body?

Answer 9

Cerebellum controls the ipsilateral part of the body.

Question 10

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 10

1. Somatic Peripheral Nervous System (voluntary control)

2. Visceral Peripheral Nervous system ( Sympathetic and Parasympathetic)

Question 11

Where do spinal and cranial nerves arise from?

Answer 11

• Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord and they are not part of the central nervous system.
• Cranial nerves arise from the brainstem and innervate mostly the head.

Question 12

The Meninges :

Answer 12

1. Dura Matter
2. Arachnoid Membrane
3. Pia Matter
   - The space between dura matter and arachnoid membrane is called ‘subdural space’
   - The space between arachnoid membrane and pia matter is called ‘subarachnoid space’
   - Subarachnoid space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Question 13

Subdural Hematoma

Answer 13

Collection of blood gathers in the subdural space because of the ruptured blood vessels passing through the dura matter.
Treatment : Drill a hole in the skull and drain the blood.

Question 14

Choroid Plexus :

Answer 14

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the choroid plexus inside the lateral ventricles.
Cerebrospinal fluid produced in the choroid plexus flows towars the brain stem and enters the subarachnoid space.

Question 15

Hydrocephalus :

Answer 15

Cerebrospinal fluid produced in the choroid plexus in lateral ventricles flows towards the brain stem and enters the subarachnoid space (space between arachnoid membrane and pia matter), if CSF cannot go into subarachnoid space this causes a swelling of ventricles. Hydrocephalus goes unnoticed in babies until their head becomes enourmously big but for adults hydrocephalus is a fatal problem because their head cannot get any bigger.
Treatment : drain off the fluid inside the swollen ventricle.

Question 16

Layers of embryo

Answer 16

1. Endoderm : gives rise to many internal organs (visceral).
2. Mesoderm : gives rise to bones of the skeleton and the muscles.
3. Ectoderm : Gives rise to the nervous system and the skin.

Question 17

Formation of Neural Tube :

Answer 17

1. Changes in ectoderm gives rise to ‘neural plate’
2. Then neural groove.
3. Walls of the neural groove is called : neural fold.
4. Neural folds fuse together and form ‘Neural Tube’. (Entire central nervous system develops from it).
5. Neural folds become ‘neural crest’(peripheral nervous system neurons arise from it).
6. Mesoderm becomes somities and from somities vertebrae of the spinal cord and skeletal muscles develop.

Question 18

Neurulation

Answer 18

Neurulation is the process where neural plate becomes neural tube.

Question 19

Primary Vesicles :

Answer 19

1. Proencephalon (forebrain)
2. Mesencephalon (midbrain)
3. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain).
   These 3 primary vesicles differentiate from the rostral end of the neural tube.

Question 20

Gray matter structures that are formed from the neurons in the forebrain :

Answer 20

The Cerebral Cortex

The Basal Telencephalon

Question 21

White matter structures that are formed in the forebrain :

Answer 21

1. The Cortical White Matter : connections between cortical regions.
2. The Corpus Callosum
3. Internal Capsule : important for the connection between cortex and thalamus. Sensory information from thalamus goes to the cortex via internal capsule.

Question 22

Where is 3rd ventricle ?

Answer 22

Thalamus is on either side of the 3rd ventricle. : so it must be in the forebrain.

Question 23

Cerebral aqueduct :

Answer 23

• It is cerebrospinal fluid filled space that is located in between tectum and tegmentum.
• It connects the third ventricle with the fourth ventricle.
• Cerebral aqueduct is important for identifying the midbrain.

Question 24

Midbrain Differentiates into;

Answer 24

1. Tectum
2. Tegmentum
   - Tectum differentiates into ;
3. Superior Colliculus (vision)
4. Inferior Colliculus (Auditory)
   - Tegmentum differentiates into;
   - Substantia nigra (important for movement initiation)
   - Red nucleus

Question 25

Hindbrain Differentiates into ;

Answer 25

1. Metencephalon (rostral part) : - Cerebellum - Pons 2. Myelencephalon (caudal part) - Medulla (you have medullary pyramids as well).

Question 26

Rhombic Lips

Answer 26

Dorso-lateral walls of the metencephalon are called 'Rhombic Lips'. Rhombic Lips fuse together and form 'cerebellum'.

Question 27

4th Ventricle

Answer 27

4th ventricle is located in the hindbrain (rhombencephalon) part of the brain between cerebellum and pons.

Question 28

Cerebellum :

Answer 28

Cerebellum receives input from spinal cord and the pons. The input from spinal cord is about the body's position and the input from pons is about the movement goal. Cerebrospinal tract axons connect with the pontine cells of the pons and inform the pons about the movement goal and pons connects with the cerebellum. Pons is important for connecting cerebral cortex to the cerebellum.

Question 29

Central Sulcus

Answer 29

Divides the Frontal Lobe from the Parietal Lobe

Question 30

Ventricles and key brain regions ;

Answer 30

Lateral Ventricles : Telencephalon Third Ventricle : Diencephalon Cerebral Aqueduct : Midbrain (between tectum and tegmentum). Fourth Ventricle : Cerebellum , pons, medulla. (Hinbrain).

Question 31

Tectum and tegmentum differentiates into ;

Answer 31

Tectum ; - Superior and inferior colliculus. Tegmentum ; - Substantia nigra and red nucleus.

Question 32

Cytoarchitectural mapping

Answer 32

Mapping the brain based on structure, anatomy not function.

Question 33

Gyri Sulci Fissure

Answer 33

Bumps are called : Gyri Grooves are called : Sulci Very deep grooves are called : Fissures

Question 34

Precentral gyrus , postcentral gyrus and superior temporal gyrus are important for ;

Answer 34

Central sulcus divides frontal and parietal lobes. Precentral gyrus is important for voluntary movements. Postcentral gyrus is important for somatic sensation. Superior Temporal gyrus is important for audition.

Question 35

Lateral Fissure

Answer 35

Divides temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lope.

Question 36

Fornix

Answer 36

Connects hippcampus with hypothalamus.