Chapter 7: Adverse Drug Reactions and Medication Errors

Question 2

adverse drug reactions

Answer 2

any noxious, unintended, and undesired effect that occurs at normal drug doses

Question 3

adverse drug reactions excludes

Answer 3

excessive dosages

Question 4

mild reactions

Answer 4

drowsiness, nausea, itching, and rash

Question 5

severe reactions

Answer 5

potentially fatal
- respiratory depression, neutropenia, helatocellular injury, anaphylazis, and hemmorage

Question 6

adverse drug reactions are most common in

Answer 6

elderly and very young

Question 7

side effect

Answer 7

• nearly unavoidable drug effect at therapeutic doses

Question 8

toxicity

Answer 8

adverse drug reaction caused by excessive dosing
- may occur even with normal dosing in neutropenia and anticancer medications

Question 9

allergic reaction

Answer 9

• immune respose
• determined primarily by the degree of sensitization of the immune system rather than by drug dosage

Question 10

what are the most common drugs for allergic reactions

Answer 10

antibiotics (penicillin)

Question 11

idiosyncratic effect

Answer 11

uncommon drug responses resulting from a genetic predisposition
Example: anaesthetics

Question 12

paradoxical effect

Answer 12

• opposite of the intended drug response

Question 12

latrogenic disease

Answer 12

• disease produced by a physician or a disease produced by a drug

Question 13

iatrogenic disease is also called

Answer 13

drug induced disease

Question 14

physical dependence

Answer 14

a state in which the body has adapted to drug exposure in such a way that an abstience syndrome will rsult if drug use is discontinued

Question 15

how does physical dependence develop

Answer 15

during long term use of certain drugs

Question 16

carcinogenic effect

Answer 16

• only a few
• several drugs to treat cancer are among those with the greatest carcinogenic potential

Question 17

teratogenic effect

Answer 17

• drug induced birth defects that occurs when women take teratogenic medication during pregnancy

Question 18

what drug is toxic to the kidneys

Answer 18

Amphotericin B (antifungal)

Question 19

what drug is toxic to the heart

Answer 19

Doxorubicin (anticancer)

Question 20

what drugs are toxic to the lungs

Answer 20

Amiodarone (antidysrhythmic)

Question 21

how many drugs are known as hepatotoxic drugs

Answer 21

more than 50

Question 22

what drugs should you monitor for liver injury

Answer 22

asparate amminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase(ALT)

Question 23

signs of liver injury

Answer 23

jaundice, dark urine, light colored stools, nausea, vomiting, malaise, abdominal discomfort, and loss of appetite

Question 24

QT interval

Answer 24

measure of the time required for the ventricles to repolarize after each contraction

Question 25

QT drugs

Answer 25

drugs that prolong the QT interval on electrocardiography (ECG)

Question 26

use of QT drugs can cause

Answer 26

serious lifetreatening dysrhythmias - torsades de pointes, ventricular fibrilation

Question 27

who are the patients at highest risk with QT drugs

Answer 27

women, older adults, patients with bradycardia, congestive heart failure, congenital QT prolongation, low potassium, and low magnesium

Question 28

drugs that are suspected of causing a previously unknown adverse efffect should be reported to

Answer 28

health canada

Question 29

boxed warnings are also known as

Answer 29

blackbox warnings

Question 30

boxed warnings

Answer 30

strongest safety warning a drug can carry and still remain on the market

Question 31

purpose of boxed warnings

Answer 31

- alert perscribers of potentially severe side effects - ways to prevent or reduce harm

Question 32

what are the major causes of morbidity and mortality

Answer 32

medication errors - knowledge or performace deficits or miscalculation or dosages

Question 33

fatal medication errors that involve medication administration are mostly due to

Answer 33

- overdose - wrong drug - wrong route

Question 34

who is the last line of defense against medication errors

Answer 34

nurses

Question 35

ways to reduce medication errors

Answer 35

- educate patients - double and triple checks - standarize your procedures - look up what you are unsure of - use safety checklists for high alert drugs - dont use abbreviations - report errors to make it safer in the future - medication reconciliation

Question 36

medication reconciliation