Chapter 7 and 8 Flashcards by Kaitlyn Hallem

What is the xiphoid?

The last, most caudal sternebra

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What are the 5 functions of bone?

Support
Protection
Leverage
Storage
Blood cell formation

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Fossa

Depressed or sunken area on surface of bone

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Lacunae

Small cavities within the matrix of bone where osteocytes are contained

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Joints

Junctions between bones

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Canaliculi

Tiny channels through the matrix of bone where small projections from osteocytes communicate with each other

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Yellow bone marrow

Adipose connective tissue

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Endosteum

membrane that lines the hollow interior surfaces of bones

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Articular Surface

smooth areas of compact bone where bones come in contact with each other

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Osteoblast

cells that form bone

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Osteocyte

mature bone cell

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Ossification

the hardening or mineralization of the matrix to make bone

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Red bone marrow

hematopoietic tissue

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Periosteum

membrane that covers the outer surface of bone

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Osteoclasts

remove bone and help with the remodel process by removing bone that is not needed

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Foramen

hole in a bone

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Hematopoiesis

blood cell formation

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Bone processes

projections on a bone where tendons attach

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What are the external bones of the face

Incisive
Nasal
Maxillary
Lacrimal
Zygonatic
Mandible

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What are the names of the first two cervical vertebrae?

C1 = Atlas
C2 = Axis

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What do the Haversian canals contain?

blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves that supply osteocytes

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What hormone prevents hypercalcemia?

Calcitonin

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What is the manubrium?

the first, most cranial sternebrae

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What hormone helps prevent hypocalcemia?

Parathyroid

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Which bone is larger and helps support more of an animals weight?

Tibia

Fibrous

Immovable joints

Cartilaginous

Slightly moveable joints

Synovial

Freely moveable joints

What are the internal bones of the face?

Palatine Pterygoid Vomer Turbinates

What is compact bone?

heavy and dense, tiny tightly compacted cylinders of bones

Where is compact bone found?

outside layer of all bones and the shafts of long bones

Name the skull bones that make up the external bones of the cranium?

Occipital Interparietal bones Parietal Temporal Frontal

Where would find an epiphyseal plate? what would you find it doing?

located at the junction of the proximal and distal epiphyses going through the process of endochondral

What are the internal bones of the cranium?

Sphenoid Ethmoid

Place the bones of the pelvic limb in order from distal to proximal.

Phalanges Metatarsal bones Tarsal bones Fibula Tibia Patella Fabellae Femur Pelvis

Order the bones of the thoracic limb from proximal to distal.

Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges

What are the bones of the ear?

Malleus Incus Stapes

What is the difference between a Haversian canal and a Volkmann's canal?

The Haversian canal is the central canal that runs through the Haversian system while the Volkmann's canal is just many of tiny channels that run to the Haversian canal.

Which cells are embedded in the matrix?

Osteoblasts

What are 2 ways that bones receive blood supply?

Volkmann's canals Nutrient foramina

Which digit is the dewclaw on the front leg of a dog?

Digit 1

Cribriform plate

ethmoid bone

Lacrimal sac

lacrimal bone

Foramen magnum

occipital bone

Upper incisor teeth

incisive bones

Frontal sinus

frontal bone

Pituitary fossa

sphenoid bone

External acoustic meatus

temporal bone

Lower teeth

mandible

Upper cheek teeth

maxillary bones

What are the 3 bones that make up the pelvis?

Ilium Ischium Pubis

What are the 3 type of processes found on vertebrae?

Spinous Transverse Articular

Endomysium

delicate connective tissue layer surround each individual skeletal muscle fiber

Fascicle

groups of skeletal muscle fibers

Perimysium

tough, connective tissue that covers groups of skeletal muscle fibers

Aerobic metabolism (in regard to muscle contraction)

adequate oxygen supply for energy needs of muscle fiber

Intercalated discs

end to end attachment sites between adjacent cardiac muscle cells

Muscle contraction

shortening of all sarcomeres in a muscle fiber

Tendon

attach muscles to bones by fibrous tissue bands

Synergist muscle action

contracts at the same time as agonist to assist its action

Fixator must action

stabilizes joints to allow other movements

Aponeuroses

attach muscles to bones or other muscles by broad sheets of fibrous tissue

Neuromuscular junction

site where ends of motor nerve fibers connect to muscle fibers

Agonist muscle action

directly produces a desired movement

Linea alba

where the left and right parts of the abdominal skeletal muscles come together

Insertion of a muscle

muscle attachment site that undergoes the most movement when muscles contract

Sarcomere

a series of protein filaments that make up contractile units of muscle cells

Myofibril

many sarcomeres lined up end to end

Antagonist muscle action

directly opposes the action of an agonist

Epimysium

tough, connective tissue layer that covers the entire muscle

Origin of a muscle

the more stable site for muscle attachment

SA node

Sinoatrial node- it generates impulse to start each heartbeat

Which contractile protein filaments make up the dark bands of skeletal muscle cells?

Myosin

Which contractile protein filaments make up the light bands of skeletal muscle cells?

Actin

What ion, released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum by a nerve impulse, starts the contraction process in a muscle fiber?

Calcium

What molecule in muscle act as the "batteries" to power the sliding of the actin and myosin filaments?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

What molecules function as the "battery chargers" to recharge the "Batteries" for sliding of the actin and myosin filaments?

Creatine phosphate (CP)

What is the all or nothing principle for muscle contraction?

when a muscle fiber is stimulated it either contracts all together or not at all.

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on cardiac muscle?

Heart beats faster and harder

What is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on cardiac muscle?

Heart beats slower and with less force

Which of the following organs would have visceral smooth muscle in their walls?

Intestines

Which of the following would have multiunit smooth muscle?

Ciliary body of the eye

What are the two ways that animals control the heat produced from muscle contraction?

Shivering and panting

What are the 6 different muscle-naming conventions?

Action Shape Location Direction of fibers Number of heads or divisions Attachment sites

How are the abdominal skeletal muscles arranged?

They are arranged in layers

Chapter 7 and 8 Flashcards

(85 cards)