Chapter 7 And 8 Study Guide Flashcards

Question

What is passive immunity?

Answer 1

-Short-term resistance to a specific disease-causing organism; it may be acquired naturally (as with newborns through maternal antibody transfer) or artificially through inoculation with pooled human antibody (e.g., immunoglobulin) that gives temporary protection -Protection transferred from another animal or human -Effective protection that wanes with time

Answer 2

-Immunity to one bacteria or virus is effective in protecting the person against an antigenically similar but different organism -Ex: cowpox vaccination protects against smallpox

Answer 3

A live (e.g., viruses and bacteria) or inactivated substance capable of producing an immune response

Answer 4

Protein molecules (immunoglobulins) produced by B lymphocytes to help eliminate an antigen

Answer 5

-Or community immunity describes the immunity level that is present in a population group -A population with low herd immunityh is one with few immune members; consequently, it is more susceptible to a particular disease -Nonimmune people are more likely to contract the disease and spread it throughout the group, placing the entire population at greater risk -Conversely, a population with high herd immunity is one in which the immune people in the group outnumber the susceptible people; consequently, the incidence of a particular disease is reduced 1. The level of herd immunity may vary with diseases -Mandatory preschool immunizations and required travel vaccinations are applications of the herd immunity concept

Answer 6

-A population at risk is a collection of people among whom a health problem has the possibility of developing because certain influencing factors are present (e.g., exposure to HIV) or absent (e.g., lack of childhood immunizations, lack of specific vitamins in the diet), or because there are modifiable risk factors present (e.g., cardiovascular disease) -Epidemiologists measure this difference using the relative risk ratio, which statistically compares the disease occurrence in the population at risk with the occurrence of the same disease in people without that risk factor -If the risk of acquiring the disease is the same regardless of exposure to the risk factor studied, the ratio will be 1:1, and the relative risk will be 1.0 -A relative risk >1.0 indicates that those with the risk factor have a greater likelihood of acquiring the disease than do those without it; for instance, a relative risk of 2.54 means that the exposed group is 2.54 times more likely to acquire the disease than the unexposed group

Answer 7

-The probability that a disease or other unfavorable health condition will develop -For any given group of people, the risk of developing a health problem is directly influenced, either positively or negatively, by such factors as their biology or inherited health capacity, living environment, lifestyle choices, and system of health care -When such factors are negative influences, they are called risk factors -The degree of risk is directly linked to susceptibility or vulnerability to a given health problem

Answer 8

-Any disease or health condition follows a progression known as its natural history, which refers to events that occur before its development, during its course, and during its conclusion -This process involves the interactions among a susceptible host, the causative agent, and the environment -The natural progression of a disease occurs in four stages in terms of how it affects a population: (1) susceptibility, (2) preclinical (subclinical) disease, (3) clinical disease, and (4) resolution -The last stage, resolution, includes recovery, disability, or death -The stages may be grouped into two phases: phase I (prepathogenesis), which includes stages 1 and 2, and phase II (pathogenesis), which includes stages 3 and 4 -C/PHNs can intervene at any point during these four stages to delay, arrest, or prevent the progression of the disease or condition -Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention can be applied to each of the stages 1. However, primary prevention through health promotion and education strategies and health protection policies is the best and most cost-effective approach to ensuring population health

Answer 9

-The disease is not present, and individuals have not been exposed, but host and environmental factors influence their susceptibility -If a pathogen invades and the immune system's response is effective, then the infection is eliminated or contained and the disease does not occur

Answer 10

-Individuals have been exposed to a disease but are asymptomatic -In infectious diseases, it includes an incubation period of hours to months (or years, in the case of AIDS), during which the organism multiplies to sufficient numbers to produce a host reaction and clinical symptoms -In noninfectious disease, it includes an induction or latency period, which is the time from exposure to the onset of symptoms and is often years to decades (e.g., up to 40 years from exposure to asbestos and development of lung cancer)

Answer 11

-Signs and symptoms of the disease or condition develop, and diagnosis may occur -Early signs may be evident only through laboratory test findings (e.g., premalignant cervical changes evident on Papanicolaou smears), whereas later signs are more likely to be acute and clearly visible (e.g., enterocolitis in a salmonellosis outbreak)

Answer 12

Depending on its severity, the disease may conclude with a return to health, a residual or chronic form of the disease with some disabling limitations, or death

Answer 13

-Not everyone in a population is at risk for developing a disease, incurring an injury, or having some other health-related characteristic -1. The incidence rate recognizes this fact -Incidence refers to all new cases of a disease or health condition appearing during a given time -Incidence rate describes a proportion in which the numerator is all new cases appearing during a given period of time and the denominator is the population at risk during the same period

Answer 14

-Another rate that describes incidence is the attack rate -An attack rate describes the proportion of a group or population that develops a disease among all those exposed to a particular risk -This term is used frequently in investigations of outbreaks of infectious diseases such as influenza -If the attack rate changes, it may suggest an alteration in the population's immune status or that the disease-causing organism is present in a more or less virulent strain

Answer 15

-Refers to all of the people with a particular health condition existing in a given population at a given point in time -The prevalence rate describes a situation at a specific point in time -If a nurse discovers 50 cases of measles in an elementary school, that is a simple count -When this number is divided by the total number of students in the school, the result is the prevalence of measles 1. For instance, if the school has 500 students, the prevalence of measles on that day would be 10% (50 measles/500 population) -The prevalence rate over a defined period of time is called a period prevalence rate

Answer 16

-Descriptive -Analytic -Experimental

Answer 17

-Includes investigations that seek to observe and describe patterns of health-related conditions that occur naturally in a population -At this stage in the epidemiologic investigation, the researcher seeks to establish the occurrence of a problem -Data from descriptive studies suggest hypotheses for further testing -Descriptive studies almost always involve some form of broad-based quantification and statistical analysis -Descriptive studies can be retrospective (identify cases and controls, then go back to review existing data) or prospective (identify groups and exposure factors, and then follow them forward in time) -Includes counts, rates, computing rates

Answer 18

-The simplest measure of description -Obtaining a count of this type always depends on the definition of what is being counted and when it was counted -This particular count, for example, uses a large database that takes time to be made public and therefore may not provide a current picture of actual deaths -When using this type of data, the C/PHN should always consider the time delay involved -If a C/PHN needs more current information within a specific community or state, hospital records or death certificates may be another source

Answer 19

-Statistical measures expressing the proportion of people with a given health problem among a population at risk -The total number of people in the group serves as the denominator for various types of rates -To express a count as a proportion, or rate, the population to be studied must first be identified -If those deaths are considered in relation to the total number of cases in the country, there will be one rate; if, however, those fatalities are considered in relation to the total population, there will be a quite different rate -It is important when reviewing rates that you understand which measures are being compared

Answer 20

-To make comparisons between populations, epidemiologists often use a common base population in computing rates -To describe the morbidity rate, which is the relative incidence of disease in a population, the ratio of the number of sick individuals to the total population is determined -The mortality rate refers to the relative death rate, or the sum of deaths in a given population at a given time

Answer 21

-Goes beyond simple description or observation and seeks to identify associations between a particular human disease or health problem and its possible causes -Analytic studies tend to be more specific than descriptive studies in their focus -They test hypotheses or seek to answer specific questions and can be retrospective or prospective in design -Analytic studies fall into three types: prevalence studies, case–control studies, and cohort studies

Answer 22

-When examining prevalence, it is helpful to remember that the health condition may be new or may have affected some people for many years -A prevalence study describes patterns of occurrence, as in the study of varicella-related deaths -It may examine causal factors, but a prevalence study always looks at factors from the same point in time and in the same population -Hypothesized causal factors are based on inferences from a single examination and most likely need further testing for validation. Intervening or confounding variables can lead to inaccurate assumptions about results, and studies must be carefully designed to avoid both falsely positive and falsely negative outcomes -A recent international prevalence study found sociodemographic factors (e.g., education, gender) were moderators of the built environment (safety from crime) in meeting physical activity goals

Answer 23

-Compares people who have a health or illness condition (number of cases with the condition) with those who lack this condition (controls) -These studies begin with the cases and look back over time (retrospectively) for presence or absence of the suspected causal factor in both cases and controls

Answer 24

-A group of people who share a common experience in a specific time period -In epidemiology, a cohort of people often becomes a focus of study -Cohort studies, rather than measuring the relationship of variables in existing conditions, study the development of a condition over time -A cohort study begins by selecting a group of people who display certain defined characteristics before the onset of the condition being investigated -In studying a disease, the cohort might include individuals who are initially free of the disease but were known to have been exposed to a particular substance or risk factor 1. They would be observed over time to evaluate which variables were associated with the development or nondevelopment of the disease 2. These types of studies are often used with environmental hazard exposures, as with the Health Registry and the National Toxic Substance Incidents Program -A case–control study may include description and analysis with a retrospective focus; a cohort study may be conducted prospectively or retrospectively -The Women's Health Study is an example of a case–control study, a cohort study, and an experimental study -Flexibility is essential to allow the investigator as much freedom as possible in choosing the most useful methodology

Answer 25

-Follows and builds on information gathered from descriptive and analytic approaches -In an experimental study, the investigator actually controls or changes the factors suspected of causing the health condition under study and then observe what happens to the health state -In human populations, experimental studies should focus on disease prevention or health promotion rather than testing the causes of disease, which is done primarily on animals -Experimental studies are carried out under carefully controlled conditions and must be approved by an Institutional Review Board -The investigator exposes an experimental group to some factor thought to cause disease, improve health, prevent disease, or influence health in some way (as in the Women's Health Study) -Simultaneously, the investigator observes a control group that is similar in characteristics to the experimental group but without the exposure factor -An expanding area of experimental epidemiology involves the use of computers to simulate epidemics 1. With mathematical models, it is possible to determine the probabilities of various aspects of disease occurrence 2. This approach is making an increased contribution to epidemiologists' knowledge of etiology and prevention

Answer 26

-A type of experimental study done at the community level -Geographic communities are assigned to intervention (experimental) or nonintervention (control) groups and compared to determine whether the intervention produces a positive change in the community -Community trials can be extremely expensive and are not undertaken unless there is substantial evidence that the intervention will make a difference at the aggregate level -There are times when these community trials occur spontaneously, and it is important for the C/PHN to recognize these opportunities -For instance, one local public health department institutes an aggressive campaign to educate health care workers on the signs of elder abuse -Selecting a similar community where that level of training is not available, the PHN can then compare the rates of elder abuse reporting between these two communities

Answer 27

-Identify the problem -Review the literature -Design the study -Collect the data -Analyze the findings -Develop conclusions and applications -Disseminate the finding

Answer 28

-Assessment 1. Monitor health 2. Diagnose and investigate -Policy development 1. Inform, educate, and empower 2. Mobilize community partnerships 3. Develop policies -Assurance 1. Evaluate

Answer 29

-Ancient times: Hippocrates (460–375 BCE) -17th century: Thomas Sydenham (1624–1689) -18th century 1. James Lind (1716–1794) 2. Edward Jenner (1749–1823) -19th century 1. William Farr (1807–1883) 2. John Snow (1813–1858) 3. Ignaz Semmelweis (1818–1865) 4. Florence Nightingale (1820–1910)

Answer 30

-Advocated: 1. Training in science 2. Strict discipline 3. Attention to cleanliness 4. Empathy for patients -Established a nursing school at St. Thomas Hospital -Cared for soldiers during the Crimean War -Monitored disease mortality rates to improve sanitation -Conducted systematic descriptive studies of disease -Used applied statistical methods to visualize data

Answer 31

-John Stuart -Austin Bradford Hill

Answer 32

-Methods of hypothesis formulation -Method of difference -Method of agreement -Method of concomitant variation

Answer 33

-Criteria to evaluate the relationship between environmental exposure and health outcomes -Strength of association -Consistency of association -Specificity -Temporality -Biological gradient -Biological plausibility -Coherence of explanation -Analogy -Experimental evidence

Answer 34

-Relationship between a cause and its effect -Chain of causation -Web of causation (multiple causations) -Causation in noninfectious disease

Answer 35

-The combination of multiple factors leads to disease and poor outcomes -The implication is that intervention (or breaking of the web at any point nearest to the disease) could profoundly impact the development of that disease -Also known as a causal matrix

Answer 36

-Metaflammation: systemic, chronic inflammation at the molecular level -Anthropogens: inducers associated with lifestyles and modern built environments

Answer 37

A collection of people at greater risk for developing a health problem due to having greater risk factors or fewer protective factors

Answer 38

-The physical, social, and psychological environment -Lifestyle, with its self-created risks -Human biology and genetic influences -The health care system

Answer 39

-Two major criteria 1. Causal agent is shown to increase probability of disease occurrence in many studies, populations 2. A reduction in causal agent is shown to reduce frequency of disease -Types of epidemiological studies that explore causality: 1. Cross-sectional study 2. Retrospective study 3. Prospective study 4. Experimental study

Answer 40

-Vital statistics -Census data -Reportable diseases -Disease registries -Surveillance systems -Environmental monitoring -National Center for Health Statistics health surveys -Federal public health agency reports -Informal observational studies -Scientific studies

Answer 41

The local health department or agency

Answer 42

Percutaneous or mucosal exposure to infected blood or body fluids

Answer 43

-Before handling food 1. Wash hands and all food preparation surfaces and utensils thoroughly with soap and water -When preparing food 1. Wash foods that are o be eaten raw and undercooked thoroughly in clean water (includes food that are to be peeled that grow on the ground or come in contact with soil) 2. Cook all meat products thoroughly 3. Do no allow cooked meats to come in contact with dishes, utensils, or containers used when the foods were raw and uncooked -When storing leftover foods 1. Cool cooked foods quickly; store under refrigeration in clean, covered containers -When reheating leftover foods 1. Heat foods thoroughly (bacteria contaminating food grow and multiply in a temperature range between 39°F and 140°F)

Answer 44

-Care and treatment of the infected person -Isolation and quarantine of the infected person -Safe handling and control of infectious wastes

Answer 45

Communicable diseases require care and treatment specific to the disease, and the nurse needs to: 1. Understand the disease, the treatment, and follow-up requirements, and the educational component to discuss with the infected person 2. Use information resources such as the CDC, state agency policies, and protocols provided by local public health agencies

Answer 46

-Communicable disease control includes two methods for keeping infected persons and noninfected persons apart to prevent the spread of a disease -Isolation refers to separation of the infected persons (or animals) from others for the period of communicability to limit the transmission of the infectious agent to susceptible persons -Quarantine refers to restrictions placed on healthy contacts of an infectious case for the duration of the incubation period to prevent disease transmission if infection should develop -The CDC has quarantine stations located at land-border crossings and ports of entry, where public health officials determine if international travelers who are ill may be admitted into the United States or held to prevent spreading infectious disease

Answer 47

-Infectious waste is waste capable of producing an infectious disease provided it contains pathogens with sufficient virulence and quantity so that exposure to the waste by a susceptible host could result in an infectious disease -Requirements for medical waste disposal are for waste to be segregated into categories of: 1. Used and unused sharps 2. Cultures, specimens, and stocks of infectious agents 3. Human blood and blood products 4. Human pathologic, isolation, and animal waste -Four key elements of an infectious waste management program are applicable to community practice: 1. Health professionals must be able to distinguish waste that poses a significant infection hazard from waste that does not 2. The waste management program must have administrative support and authority to institute practice guidelines and provide the containers and other resources needed for safe disposal of infectious wastes 3. Handling of the infectious wastes must be minimized (containers should be rigid, leak-resistant (sealed), impervious to moisture, rupture-resistant, and, for sharps, puncture-resistant) 4. An enforcement or evaluation mechanism must be in place to ensure that the goal of reducing the potential for exposure to infectious waste in the community is met

Answer 48

-While carrying out communicable disease interventions, nurses and other health care professionals must ensure clients' confidentiality and privacy -The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule, last revised in 2003, seeks to protect patients' confidentiality and privacy by establishing laws that govern how health care providers, insurance companies, and other “covered entities” may use and disclose patients' personal health information -Health care providers may only disclose when necessary to provide care for the patient and then must provide only the minimum amount of information needed to provide that care -One exception is when disclosure of an individual's information is required to protect another person or people who are at risk of contracting an illness, but even then, the individual's identity is protected -Ostracism, which in the past targeted people with leprosy and other contagious conditions, has shifted to discrimination against people with TB or AIDS 1. An example of this occurred in 2007 when an Atlanta attorney caused an international health scare and found his medical and personal information in the media as a result of flying to Europe after a recent diagnosis of drug-resistant TB -People are protected from discrimination under the Americans with Disability Act but not with respect to posing a public health treat, such as with the contagious state of TB

Answer 49

-In most states, reporting known or suspected cases of a reportable disease is generally considered to be an obligation of: 1. Physicians, dentists, nurses, veterinarians, pharmacists, and other health professionals 2. Medical examiners 3. Administrators of hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, schools, and nurseries -Some states also require or request reporting from: 1. Laboratory directors 2. Any individual who knows of or suspects the existence of a reportable disease

Answer 50

-Primary prevention 1. Education using mass media with targeted health messages to aggregates 2. Immunizations -Secondary prevention 1. Screening 2. Disease case and contact investigation and notification -Tertiary prevention 1. Care and treatment of the infected person 2. Isolation and quarantine of the infected person 3. Safe handling and control of infectious wastes

Answer 51

-Health education in primary prevention is directed both at helping individuals understand their risk and at promoting healthy behaviors -To effectively deliver a health promotion and disease prevention message, the following must be done: 1. Identify the target (at-risk) market, a group of people who share common interests, needs, and behaviors 2. Determine the target market's educational level, view of the salience of the issue, involvement with the issue, and access to media channels 3. Consider the cultural, racial, and ethnic context of the target market and ensure that the message and educational materials are relevant to the needs and interests of the community and respect and reflect their values and traditions 4. Select or develop materials that relate to the delivery of health services that are available, accessible, and acceptable to the target population 5. Pretest all materials and verify that they are attractive, comprehensible, acceptable, and persuasive to the target market and promote ownership 6. Select or develop materials that are at the appropriate reading level for the intended audience -Social media, including Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Snapchat, and Twitter, offers the ability to engage a large number of participants in an interactive, collaborative, and synchronous manner 1. It allows practitioners to reach populations that are diverse and that they might not easily arrange to meet face-to-face 2. It also makes sharing of information easier, through podcasts, YouTube, and blogs; however, in using it, nurses must take care to maintain patients' privacy 3. This approach can also be integrated with other public health communication strategies -Public health organizations need to use social media engagement to its full potential -Nurses can explore ways that social media can be used to augment current public health communication approaches

Answer 52

-Over 3 million people, half of them children, die worldwide each year from VPDs -In addition, new and emerging diseases may develop (e.g., COVID-19) for which a vaccine has not yet been developed -The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) reviews the schedule for administration of vaccines for various populations and age groups 1. The ACIP provides vaccine recommendations based on research and scientific data related to vaccine safety and efficacy for adult and child vaccines 2. Recommendations include age when vaccines should be given, dosage, number of doses, time intervals between doses, and precautions and contraindications 3. It also makes recommendations during times of disease outbreaks and vaccine shortages -The majority of American society has accepted immunizations as a part of overall health care 1. However, some challenge the notion of immunizing their children for many reasons 2. Some oppose government mandates and the sheer number of vaccinations, whereas others want to veer from the recommended spacing schedule but plan to eventually complete the childhood series -Although all states have established laws requiring immunizations in certain situations (such as for attendance in public schools and childcare facilities and employment in health care facilities), many allow for exempting immunizations for various reasons, whether religious, philosophical, or medical -Health care providers, C/PHN, and school nurses are in positions to review records, educate families, and provide opportunities for a child and adult to obtain immunizations -Nurses need to be aware that individuals now more often obtain their medial information from online sources than from medical professionals 1. These online sources include Internet searches and social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram 2. This change has allowed for users of social media to produce and disseminate their content directly, leading to widespread digital misinformation and “echo chambers,” which has been listed as one of the main threats to our society

Answer 53

-The term screening is used in community/public health and disease prevention to describe programs that provide disease-testing opportunities to detect disease in groups of asymptomatic, apparently healthy individuals 1. Common screening measures can include prenatal hepatitis B screens, urine Chlamydia and gonorrhea screens, and Mantoux TSTs for TB infection -The screening test must be valid and reliable 1. Validity refers to the test's ability to accurately identify those with the disease 2. Reliability refers to the test's ability to give consistent results when administered on different occasions by different technicians -The predictive value of a screening test is important for determining whether the screening intervention is justified -Yield refers to the number of positive results found per number tested 1. The predictive value and the yield of screening tests become important in planning screening programs for communicable disease detection and prevention because they can help planners locate screening efforts in areas or within population groups that are known to be at high risk for the disease 2. The predictive value of screening tests increases as the prevalence of the disease increases -Epidemiologic criteria for screening interventions for the detection of health problems include the following: 1. Is the disease an important public health problem? 2. Is there a valid and reliable test? 3. Is there an effective and tolerable treatment that favorably influences the early stages of the disease? 4. After a positive screening result, are facilities for diagnosis and treatment available and accessible? 5. Is there a recognizable early asymptomatic or latent stage in the disease? 6. Do clear guidelines for referral and treatment exist? 7. Is the total cost of the screening justifiable compared with the costs of treating the disease if left undiscovered? 8. Is the screening test itself acceptable? 9. Will screening be ongoing?

Answer 54

-Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases to humans -Insects, a common type of vector, carry disease on their feet or expel it through their digestive tract 1. This mechanical transmission does not require the infectious organism to multiply -Insects can also transmit disease when the infectious agent has propagated within the insect, which is known as biological transmission 1. This requires an incubation period for the infectious agent to be passed to the host 2. These modes of transmission, together known as vector-borne transmission, involve the bite of the infected insect (e.g., mosquito) or animal (e.g., rat) or some other form of exposure to the infected animal's body fluids, such as contact with the urine from the Hantavirus-infected rodent

Answer 55

-Mosquito borne diseases 1. California serogroup viruses 2. Chikungunya virus 3. Dengue viruses 4. Eastern equine encephalitis virus 5. Malaria plasmodium 6. St. Louis encephalitis virus 7. West Nile virus 8. Yellow fever virus 9. Zika virus -Tick borne diseases 1. Anaplasmosis/ehrlichiosis 2. Babesiosis 3. Lyme disease 4. Powassan virus 5. Spotted fever rickettsiosis 6. Tularemia -Flea borne diseases 1. Plague

Answer 56

-Shortly after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the U.S. population was further terrorized by a deliberate release of anthrax agent into the postal service system 1. As a result, 22 people were infected, five died, and 32,000 were identified as having been potentially exposed and were treated with antibiotics as a precaution -Anthrax spores are found in nature in the digestive tracks of herbivores and can be found in the soil 1. Infection in humans is infrequent and sporadic in most developed countries 2. It is an occupational hazard among workers who process animal hides, hair, bone and bone products, and wool in some countries, leading to it being referred to as woolsorter disease and ragpicker disease -In humans, anthrax is an acute bacterial disease that affects mainly the skin or respiratory tract 1. The two main forms—cutaneous anthrax and inhalation anthrax—account for most human anthrax cases -Cutaneous anthrax, which has a case fatality rate of 5% to 20%, manifests as itchiness on the skin where exposed, a lesion that progresses from papular to vesicular, and, in 2 to 6 days after exposure, a depressed black eschar surrounded by extensive edema 1. The infection may spread to the lymph system and cause septicemia -Inhalation anthrax, which has a case fatality rate of 85% (although antimicrobial and supportive therapy can reduce this rate), manifests initially as mild symptoms—including fever, cough, chest pain, and malaise—but can then progress to respiratory distress, fever, and shock -The causative organism Bacillus anthracis is a Gram-positive, encapsulated, spore-forming agent found in livestock and wildlife as the main reservoirs 1. The incubation period for cutaneous infection is 5 to 7 days but for inhalational anthrax is 1 to 45 days 2. Person-to-person transmission is rare, but articles and soil contaminated with spores may remain infective for decades, so these items must be appropriately disposed of -A vaccine that protects against cutaneous and inhalational anthrax exists but is generally used only for those laboratory scientists handling anthrax specimens and some veterinarians who may have work-related exposure risk

Answer 57

-Investigating reportable communicable diseases requires a systematic approach 1. Review the information 2. Clarify whether the disease is suspect or lab-confirmed 3. Review the case definition 4. Review the disease information 5. Use disease-specific questionnaires when available

Answer 58

-Directly from one person to another -STD

Answer 59

-Can be from inanimate object to person -Drink, eat, breathe something contaminated

Answer 60

-Droplet -TB or measles

Answer 61

-Chlamydia -Gonorrhea -Syphilis -Herpes (genital) -Viral warts

Answer 62

-Chlamydia -Gonorrhea -Syphilis -Genital herpes -HPV -Genital warts -Hep A, B, and C -HIV/AIDS -Influenza 1. A = bad 2. B -Pneumonia -Tuberculosis

Answer 63

White people are 7x more likely to get?

Answer 64

-13% increase since 2018 -3 stages: 1. Primary: canker sore on genital areas 2. Secondary: after 4-6 wks, discomfort, blisters on sole of feet or palm of hands 3. Tertiary: travel to brain, dementia, headache, meningitis

Answer 65

-HSV1: cold sore -HSV2: genital area -Popular among college students -No treatment (for life) -Open blisters/active phase is when it is passed on

Answer 66

Really pushing for prevention because it can cause cervical cancer

Answer 67

Can give to baby if delivered through vaginal birth

Answer 68

-Hep A: fecal oral -Hep B: blood -Hep C: blood (IV needles, non-sterilized equipment or breaking sterility) 1. Leading cause of liver disease

Answer 69

African Americans are 5x more likely to get

Answer 70

-Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) -H1N1 influenza virus -Zika virus (warm, tropical areas) -Ebola virus -Dengue virus (warm areas)

Answer 71

-Treatment -Isolation (unhealthy people) -Quarantine (health/susceptible people)

Answer 72

-Schedule of vaccinations -Community’s immunization status -Herd immunity (how many people are vaccinated in a community) -Barriers to immunization coverage (access, insurance, religious, don’t trust government or healthcare) -Planning and implementing immunizations campaigns -Adult immunizations -Immunizations needs of international travelers, immigrants, and refugees

Answer 73

-Immunization campaigns targeting specific subgroups can be effective if they include the following: 1. Community assessment for the target group(s) 2. Assessment of and planning for the needs of the target group(s), such as: *Transportation *Language interpreters *Childcare *Literacy -Successful outreach efforts are motivated by the desire to reach the target population, even if specific or unusual accommodations must be made 1. An online presence, with information about the benefits of vaccines and clinic locations, is helpful -Clinics can be scheduled and held at times and places specifically intended to make the service more accessible and convenient to the target group -Materials in multilingual form can be obtained through the state's immunization agency or the CDC -The CDC and state immunization agencies have campaigns throughout the year for the C/PHN to participate in and provide to the public. 1. Tool kits with the materials and tips for planning and implementation are available through the state immunization agency

Answer 74

-Nurses need to work to ensure that all those who need vaccines are receiving them -Laws have been implemented requiring students to receive vaccines prior to entering school -Vaccine hesitancy, which is defined as a “delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination despite availability of vaccination services” and listed as one of the top ten threats to global health 1. It is important to recognize that all clients who refuse vaccination are not all the same (they may have very different concerns) -Vaccine hesitancy is closely connected with the Internet and social media such as Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, blogs, search engines, and Web sites, where much content on the subject decreases the confidence of the individual with regard to safety and need -Health institutions now understand the importance of spreading accurate information through the Internet, and the number of sites promoting vaccinations has grown -As health professionals, it is important to understand the sources and quality of content on the Internet, and how to use tools such as Google Trends and HealthMap to monitor trends and help disseminate correct information -Three different strategies that can be considered when dealing with vaccine hesitancy: 1. Tell, don't ask: research has shown that a presumptive format, in which the health care provider leads the discussion (e.g., “well, we have to do some shots”), is associated with higher vaccination rates than a participatory format (e.g., “How do you feel about vaccines?”) 2. Motivational interviewing (a brief intervention style): an empathetic, respectful approach in which the health care provider targets information based on the concerns of the parent only after permission has been given may be helpful 3. “CASE” (Corroborate, About, Science, Explain): *Corroborate the concerns and have a respectful conversation with the parent *Tell the parent about yourself and your level of expertise *Refer to the evidence from science *Explain and advise, following the ACIP guidelines -It is important to engage families who are hesitant about vaccines in open conversation 1. This may be a challenging task when a parent is confrontational with the health provider or perhaps even attempting to change the mind of the health care provider 2. Some who seemed adamant about refusing the vaccine may even decide to accept the vaccine after an honest discussion because they felt that they were heard, and their questions were answered -Offering vaccines at home visits and in Women, Infants, and Children program offices has also been found to be effective -The AFIX (assessment, feedback, incentives, and exchange) approach is designed to help providers recognize the problem: 1. Assess the current immunization rates within the office to show the provider an accurate picture (computer applications from the CDC can help with this process) 2. Give feedback to the provider about progress in increasing vaccination rates in a nonjudgmental way 3. Offer incentives to help motivate the provider to make the needed changes 4. Encourage an exchange of information with other providers about what has worked for them

Answer 75

-Many people assume that vaccinations are for children only -Well-advertised influenza vaccination campaigns in recent years have, to some extent, helped to correct this notion -Adults face risk for becoming infected with a VPD if they are unimmunized or underimmunized -Some of the immunizations that wane, meaning that the protection disappears over time, are tetanus, pertussis, influenza, and pneumococcal 1. Other vaccines are specific for adults, such as the varicella zoster, otherwise known as the shingles vaccine -Substantial numbers of VPDs still occur among adults despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines -C/PHN should be aware of factors that may contribute to low vaccination levels among adults: 1. Cost and reimbursement 2. Lack of a regular place to seek medical care 3. No reminder-recall system in place 4. Provider's lack of current knowledge of recommended immunizations or forgetting to ask about vaccinations at the time of the visit, leading to missed opportunities to vaccinate 5. Need for training of health care staff on recommended immunizations for adults 6. Patient's lack of awareness of adult vaccination standards

Answer 76

-As Americans interact more and more with their neighbors in other parts of the world, the incidence of Americans with tropical or imported diseases also rises -An average flight can equal the incubation period of some infectious diseases, and before the onset of symptoms is realized, microbial agents could be spread around the globe -Travelers can take steps to protect themselves prior to embarking on their journey to new and exotic places by: 1. Visiting the CDC Travelers Health Web site to access advise on staying healthy during and on return from a trip 2. Making an appointment for a consultation with a tropical medicine or travel clinic to prepare for international travel 3. Being immunized with the recommended vaccines for the particular area of the world 4. Having the necessary chemical prophylaxis on hand (i.e., antimalarial medications as prescribed) 5. Learning about food and water hygiene precautions and basic first aid for simple injuries -Promoting a traveler's health is important to safeguard not only the individual's health but also the health of the individual's community -Refugees and international travelers who arrive in the United States may be unfamiliar with U.S. health systems, health precautions, and practices -Refugees and immigrants must follow prescribed guidelines, including extensive health screening mandated by U.S. immigration laws, immunizations, and treatment, as appropriate -More than ever before, C/PHNs have professional contact with these new Americans, whether close to their time of arrival or later, in schools, immunization clinics, or other locations -Visitors from other countries may also require the assistance of other C/PHP 1. For this reason, C/PHNs are encouraged to develop and maintain a global perspective on communicable diseases

Answer 77

-Oppose government mandates -The sheer number of vaccines -Veer from the recommended spacing schedule -Religious objections -Philosophical or medical objections

Answer 78

-Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis -Clients with HIV and tuberculosis -TB case management

Answer 79

-Variola virus -Transmitted from person to person -Risks associated with smallpox vaccination 1. Infection

Answer 80

-Health care access -Enforced compliance -Confidentiality, privacy, and discrimination

Chapter 7 And 8 Study Guide Flashcards

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