Clinical Neuroanatomy > Chapter 7 - Brain Stem and Cerebellum > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Brain Stem and Cerebellum Flashcards

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1
Q

The three main external divisions of the brain stem

A
  • medulla oblongata
  • pons
  • midbrain (mesencephalon)
  • some include the cerebellum
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2
Q

The medulla and the pons are located _____ to the cerebellum

A

ventrally/anteriorly

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3
Q

The cerebellum is located _____ to the brainstem

A

dorsally/posteriorly

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4
Q

The cerebellum plays a major role in _______

A

motor coordination

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5
Q

The brain stem houses …

A

essential ascending and descending tracts and nuclei critical for the maintenance of life

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6
Q

The internal longitudinal divisions of the brain stem

A
  • tectum
  • tegmentum
  • basis of pons
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7
Q

The tectum lies _____ to the midbrain and is separated by _____

A
  • dorsal

- ventricular space filled with CSF

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8
Q

The tegmentum is the …

A

dorsal aspect of the brain stem itself

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9
Q

The basis of pons is the …

A

ventral bulge of the pons

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10
Q

The three cerebellar peduncles

A
  • inferior
  • middle
  • superior
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11
Q

The cerebellar peduncles are …

A
  • each peduncle is a stalk-like bundle of axons
  • white matter pathways (tracts) connecting the brain stem and the cerebellum
  • bilateral
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12
Q

The dorsal aspect of the midbrain has four hillocks (mounds) called the ____

A

quadrigeminal bodies

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13
Q

The quadrigeminal bodies are made up of ______ and _______

A
  • two superior colliculi

- two inferior colliculi

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14
Q

The superior colliculi …

A

coordinate eye movements

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15
Q

The inferior colliculi …

A

deal with auditory reflex and bilateral sound localization (recognizing where a sound is coming from)

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16
Q

The internal structural components of the brain stem are …

A
  • descending and ascending tracts
  • cranial nerve nuclei
  • reticular formation
  • monoaminergic neuron pools (nuclei) and their output pathways
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17
Q

The descending and ascending tracts in the brain stem …

A

either terminate in or pass through the brain stem (relay station and/or conduit for pathways)

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18
Q

The cell bodies of most cranial nerves (cranial nerve nuclei) lie …

A

in the brain stem

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19
Q

The reticular formation is a ______. It is involved in …

A
  • dense cluster of nuclei in the brain stem and tegmentum
  • respiration, consciousness/unconsciousness, cardiovascular function/regulation, sleep, alertness (e.g. heartbeat, heart rate, blood pressure, etc.)
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20
Q

The monoaminergic neuron pools (nuclei) in the brain stem are …

A
  • raphe nucleus
  • locus ceruleus
  • substantia nigra
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21
Q

The raphe nucleus is made up of _____ and is involved in _____. It projects to _____.

A
  • serotonin neurons (indolamine neurons)
  • wellness, sleep, appetite, pain control, etc.
  • the cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, spinal cord
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22
Q

The locus ceruleus is made up of _____ and is involved in _____.

A
  • norepinephrine neurons (catecholamine neurons)

- fight or flight activation, alertness, etc.

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23
Q

The substantia nigra is made up of _____ and is involved in _____. The neurons project axons via the _____ to the _____. It plays a role (modulates) in _____ behavior.

A
  • dopamine neurons (catecholamine neurons)
  • modulating motor movement, motor tone, giving/reinforcing reward, etc.
  • median forebrain bundle (MFB)
  • striatum
  • extrapyramidal motor
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24
Q

The motor tracts decussate in the _____, meaning that the left side of the brain controls the _____ side of the body, and vice versa.

A
  • medulla

- right

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25
The ascending tracts in the medulla
- fasciculus gracilus - fasciculus cuneatus - spinotectal - spinocerebellar - spinothalamic
26
The descending tracts in the medulla
- corticospinal - rubrospinal - olivospinal - vestibulospinal
27
The internal structural components of the medulla are ...
- descending and ascending tracts - cranial nerve nuclei - inferior cerebellar peduncle
28
The cranial nerve nuclei in the medulla
- hypoglossal (XII) nerve nucleus - motor nucleus of the vagus (X) nerve - 4 vestibular and 2 cochlear (VIII) nuclei
29
The hypoglossal (XII) nerve nucleus ...
innervates tongue muscles
30
The motor nucleus of the vagus (X) nerve ...
controls tone of heart, lungs, viscera
31
The 4 vestibular and 2 cochlear (VIII) nuclei ...
deal with auditory and vestibular function
32
Why is brain stem damage so detrimental?
So many neurons with different functions are so close together, so damage to the brain stem will most likely affect many processes
33
Where are the cranial nerve nuclei in the medulla located?
dorsal part of the medulla
34
Where do the cell bodies of the pyramidal neurons live?
motor cortex
35
What is the anatomy of the nerve nuclei in the medulla?
since the medulla (and the brain stem generally) is a thinner and longer structure, the larger cellular groups are thinner and longer to allow for more space
36
nuclei versus ganglia
- nuclei are made up of the same type of cells with one function - ganglia are made up of different cells with different functions
37
The inferior cerebellar peduncle is known as the ____ pathway for the cerebellum.
input
38
The inferior cerebellar peduncle contains _____ fibers _____ the cerebellum.
- afferent (going towards) | - to
39
The internal structural components of the pons are ...
- basis pontis - pontine tegmentum - middle cerebellar peduncle
40
The internal structural components of the basis pontis are ...
- corticopontine and corticospinal tracts - pontine nuclei - raphe nucleus
41
The internal structural components of the pontine tegmentum are ...
- cranial nerve nuclei - -- trigeminal (V) - -- abducens (VI) - -- facial (VII) - -- gustatory and salvatory (IX) (glossopharyngeal)
42
The middle cerebellar peduncle contains _____ fibers from _____ to the cerebellum.
- afferent | - basis pontis
43
The middle cerebellar peduncle is known as the major _____ pathway for the cerebellum.
input
44
The middle cerebellar peduncle is the _____ peduncle.
largest
45
The midbrain (mesencephalon) is known as the ...
transition and fiber conduit to the cerebrum containing several cranial nerve nuclei
45
The internal structural components of the midbrain are ...
- basis of the midbrain - midbrain tegmentum - tectum - periaqueductal gray - superior cerebellar peduncle
46
The internal structural components of the basis of the midbrain are ...
- crus cerebri | - substantia nigra
47
The crus cerebri is ...
massive fiber bundle that contains corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontine pathways
48
The internal structural components of the midbrain tegmentum are _____. It is made up mostly of _____.
- ascending and descending tracts - red nucleus - oculomotor (III) and trochlear (IV) nerve nuclei - locus coeruleus - cell bodies
49
The ascending and descending tracts in the midbrain tegmentum include ...
- medial lemnisus - median forebrain bundle (MFB) - corticospinal tracts
50
The role of the red nucleus in the midbrain tegmentum is ...
it gets motor coordination information from the cerebellum and sends it to the thalamus
51
The locus coeruleus in the midbrain tegmentum is the ...
- interface between the midbrain and the pontine tegmentum - it is the home of norepinephrine neurons that project via the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) to the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, cerebellum, and spinal cord - it is involved in activational-arousal state
52
The tectum in the midbrain contains _____. It is considered to be the _____ of the midbrain.
- the superior and inferior colliculi | - roof
53
The periaqueductal gray in the midbrain is made up of _____. It is home to the _____ in the brain and has a few _____.
- neuronal populations and fibers surrounding the cerebral aqueduct - endorphin-receptive neurons - descending autonomic tracts
54
The superior cerebellar peduncle in the midbrain has ____ fibers ____ the cerebellum to ____. It also includes ____.
- efferent - from - motor control areas - ventral spinocerebellar tracts
55
The extrapyramidal motor system is made up of the _____ and ______.
- basal ganglia | - cerebellum
56
The cerebellum exerts a ________ over the activity of the ________.
- precise and coordinated influence | - extrapyramidal motor system
57
The cerebellum is located ______ to the pons and 4th ventricle.
dorsal
58
The pyramidal motor is system has ______ output.
gross motor (vectoring)
59
The extrapyramidal motor system has _____ output.
fine and precise motor
60
The cerebellum is comprised of ____ .
- three cerebellar cortices - underlying cerebellar white matter - deep cerebellar nuclei
61
The three cerebellar cortices are ...
- spinocerebellum - corticocerebellum - vestibulocerebellum
62
The deep cerebellar nuclei are ...
- fastigial nucleus - globose nucleus - emboliform nucleus - dentate nucleus
63
The spinocerebellum is also known as the _____. It is the _____ of the cerebellum. Its role is _____. It has a lot of connections with the _____.
- paleocerebellum - anterior portions - stereotyped movements and motor execution (starting the behavior) - spinal cord
64
The corticocerebellum is also known as the _____. It _____ in the cerebellum. Its role is _____. It has a lot of connections with the _____.
- neocerebellum - surrounds the spinocerebellum laterally and dorsally - motor planning and coordination - cortex
65
The vestibulocerebellum is also known as the _____. It is located _____ of the cerebellum. Its role is _____. It is very _____ in size.
- archicerebellum (oldest) - the most caudally in the flocculonodular lobe - balance and eye movements - small
66
The functions of the cerebellum are ...
- coordinating skilled voluntary movements | - controlling equilibrium and muscle tone
67
The somatotropic organization of the cerebellum (as the cortex) is ...
- the vermis tends to control the coordination/muscle tone of the trunk area of the body - each cerebellar hemisphere controls motor coordination and muscle tone on the same side of the body (ipsilateral)
68
The deep cerebellar nuclei are the major ____ output _____ the cerebellum. They project ...
- efferent - from - efferent fibers out of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle to the red nucleus and thalamus, and then to the motor cortex
69
The projection routes of the cerebellar peduncles
- superior peduncle is a major output pathway for the cerebellum; it routes through the midbrain (efferent fibers from the cerebellum to motor control areas) - middle peduncle is a major input pathway for the cerebellum; it routes through the pons (afferent fibers from the basis pontis to the cerebellum) - inferior peduncle is an input pathway for the cerebellum; it routes through the medulla (afferent fibers from the medulla to the cerebellum)

Clinical Neuroanatomy (11 decks)

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