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Fund. of Nursing > Chapter 7 Davis > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Davis Flashcards

1
Q
  1. The unit of contraction in a muscle fiber
A

sarcomere

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2
Q

The very large extensor of the thigh

A

gluteus maximus

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3
Q

Transmits action potential for contraction

A

sarcolemma

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4
Q

Integrates unconscious muscle sense

A

cerebellum

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5
Q

State of slight contraction of muscles

A

muscle tone

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6
Q

Dome-shaped respiratory muscle

A

diaphragm

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7
Q

Neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions

A

acetylcholine

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8
Q

Releases the energy of A T P

A

myosin

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9
Q

Why are muscle actions grouped in such pairs?

A

Muscle actions are grouped in pairs, because a muscle can only pull a bone, not push. A muscle pulls in one direction. Another muscle is needed to pull in the opposite direction.

These are antagonistic functions or pairs of opposites.

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10
Q

Most muscle actions are in pairs:

Flexionā€”

A

extension

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11
Q

Most muscle actions are in pairs:

Abductionā€”

A

adduction

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12
Q

Most muscle actions are in pairs:

Inversionā€”

A

eversion

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13
Q

Most muscle actions are in pairs:

Pronationā€”

A

supination

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14
Q

the inability of muscles to contract

A

Paralysis

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15
Q

In response to a single nerve impulse, a muscle fiber will contract completely (all of the sarcomeres contract) and then relax

A

Twitch

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16
Q

The functions of the muscular system are to:

A
  1. Move the skeleton
  2. Produce heat
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17
Q

Name the tissues that make up the parts of the muscular system.

A

The skeletal muscles are made of skeletal muscle tissue, also called striated or voluntary muscle tissue.

Tendons are made of fibrous connective tissue.

The fascia around each muscle is also made of fibrous connective tissue.

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18
Q

Tendons are made of

A

fibrous connective tissue.

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19
Q

The fascia around each muscle is made of

A

fibrous connective tissue

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20
Q

The organ systems directly necessary for movement are the:

A
  1. Skeletal system
  2. Nervous system
  3. Respiratory system
  4. Circulatory system
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21
Q

The skeletal system is moved by

A

muscles

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22
Q

The nervous system transmits

A

electrochemical impulses to muscles.

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23
Q

The respiratory system exchanges O2 and C O2 between

A

the air and the blood.

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24
Q

The circulatory system transports

A

O2 to muscles and takes C O2 away.

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25
Q

One muscle is made of thousands of

A

muscle fibers.

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26
Q

Muscle fibers

A

contract, shorten, and bring about movement.

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27
Q

Tendons attach muscles to

A

bone

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28
Q

A tendon merges with

A

the fascia of the muscle and the periosteum of the bone.

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29
Q

the state of slight contraction present in healthy muscles; regulated by the cerebellum

A

Muscle Tone

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30
Q

the direct source

A

A T P

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31
Q

for the resynthesis of A T P

A

Creatine phosphate

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32
Q

a nitrogenous waste product.

A

Creatinine

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33
Q

most abundant, stored in muscles

ā€¢First broken down to glucose

ā€¢Glucose + O2 ļƒ  C O2 + H2O + A T P + heat

A

Glycogen

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34
Q

What happens to each of the products of cell respiration?

A

C O2 is exhaled.

Water becomes part of intracellular fluid.

A T P is used for the contraction process.

Heat contributes to body temperature.

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35
Q

Name the cell organelle that is the site of cell respiration.

A

The mitochondria are the sites of cell respiration.

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36
Q

The brain creates a mental picture:

Unconscious muscle sense is essential for

A

coordination in the cerebellum

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37
Q

The brain creates a mental picture:

Conscious muscle sense is in

A

the parietal lobes

38
Q

knowing where our muscles are without seeing them

A

Muscle Sense (proprioception)

39
Q

Stretch receptors (proprioceptors) in muscles detect

A

stretching, generate impulses.

40
Q

the outside of the sarcolemma becomes negative relative to the inside.

A

Depolarization

41
Q

the sarcolemma has a (+) charge outside and a (negative) charge inside.

A

Polarization (resting potential)

42
Q

Electrical charges outside and inside the membrane are created by

A

the presence and movement of ions.

43
Q

Sliding Filament Mechanism

Nerve impulse arrives at the axon terminal and

A

A c h is released.

44
Q

Sliding Filament Mechanism

A c h ļƒ  A c h receptors on the sarcolemma; N a+ ions enter

A

the cell.

45
Q

Sliding Filament Mechanism

The sarcolemma

A

depolarizes.

46
Q

Sliding Filament Mechanism

With depolarization: C a+2 ions are released from the _______; C a+2 ions bond to _______.

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum; troponin-tropomyosin

47
Q

Sliding Filament Mechanism

Myosin splits

A

A T P.

48
Q

Sliding Filament Mechanism

Myosin bridges pull the actin filaments to the

A

center of the sarcomere.

49
Q

Sliding Filament Mechanism

All of the sarcomeres in a muscle fiber

A

shorten.

50
Q

Sliding Filament Mechanism

The sarcolemma

A

repolarizes.

51
Q

Sliding Filament Mechanism

Cholinesterase inactivates

A

A c h.

52
Q

Sliding Filament Mechanism

Subsequent nerve impulses:

A

prolong contraction.

53
Q

Sliding Filament Mechanism

No further impulses:

A

the muscle fiber relaxes.

54
Q

The origin of a muscle is the

A

More stationary bone

55
Q

The insertion of a muscle is the

A

More movable bone

56
Q

have opposite functions. A muscle pulls when it contracts but exerts no force when it relaxes and it cannot push. When one muscle pulls a bone in one direction, another muscle is needed to pull the bone in the other direction

A

Antagonistic muscles

57
Q

have the same function and alternate as the prime mover depending on the position of the bone to be moved. also stabilize a joint to make a more precise movement possible.

A

Synergistic muscles

58
Q

generate the impulses necessary for contraction of skeletal muscles. The cerebellum regulates coordination.

A

The frontal lobes of the cerebrum

59
Q

A muscle can only

A

pull a bone

60
Q

helps maintain posture, produces 25% of body heat (at rest), and improves coordination.

A

Good muscle tone

61
Q

involves contraction with movement; improves tone and strength and improves cardiovascular and respiratory efficiency (aerobic exercise).

A

Isotonic exercise

62
Q

Isotonic exercise:

Concentric contraction ā€”

A

muscle exerts force while shortening.

63
Q

Isotonic exercise:

Eccentric contraction-

A

muscle exerts force while returning to its original length.

64
Q

involves contraction without move-ment; improves tone and strength but is not aerobic.

A

Isometric exercise

65
Q

Exercise stimulates skeletal muscle cells to secrete the hormone irisin, which converts fat-storing white adipocytes to thermogenic brown or beige adipocytes.

A

Important information

66
Q

Hemoglobin in R B Cā€™s carries

A

Oxygen to muscles

67
Q

Myoglobin in muscle cells stores

A

Oxygen in muscles

68
Q

Lactic acid is formed in place of C O2 and H2O:

A

which lowers cellular pH and contributes to fatigue.

69
Q

Oxygen debt (recovery oxygen uptake):

A

Muscle fibers run out of oxygen during strenuous exercise

70
Q

Neuromuscular junction: axon terminal and sarcolemma:

A

the synapse is the space between them.

71
Q

The axon terminal contains

A

acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter)

72
Q

the sarcolemma contains

A

cholinesterase (an inactivator)

73
Q

Sarcomeres are the

A

contracting units of a muscle fiber.

74
Q

Myosin and actin filaments are the

A

contracting proteins of sarcomeres.

75
Q

Troponin and tropomyosin are proteins that inhibit

A

the sliding of myosin and actin when the muscle fiber is relaxed

76
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounds the sarcomeres and is a reservoir for

A

calcium

77
Q

(Polarization)

N a+ ions are more abundant

A

outside the cell

78
Q

(Polarization)

K+ ions are more abundant

A

inside the cell

79
Q

(Polarization)

The sodium and potassium pumps maintain these relative concentrations on

A

either side of the sarcolemma

80
Q

. is the exit of K+ ions and the restoration of a positive (+) charge outside.

A

Repolarization

81
Q

T tubules are

A

Folds up of the sarcolemma

82
Q

makes the sarcolemma permeable to N a+

A

A c h

83
Q

a sustained contraction brought about by continuous nerve impulses; all our movements involves it.

A

Tetanus

84
Q

Muscles that do not receive nerve impulses are unable to contract and will atrophy.

A

Paralysis

85
Q

Paralysis may be the result of

A

nerve damage, spinal cord damage, or brain damage.

86
Q

The end of a motor neuron; contains vesicles of acetylcholine that are opened by the arrival of a nerve impulse

A

Axon terminal

87
Q

The enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine; prevents continued depolarization and contraction

A

Cholinesterase

88
Q

The neurotransmitter released by the axon terminal; it diffuses across the synaptic cleft, bonds to the ACh receptors, and brings about depolarization of the sarcolemma with an influx of Na* ions

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

89
Q

The space between the axon terminal and the sarcolemma

A

Synaptic cleft

90
Q

Proteins of the sarcolemma that are channels for Na+ ions; are opened by acetylcholine

A

Acetylcholine receptors

91
Q

The cell membrane of the muscle fiber; has receptors for acetylcholine

A

Sarcolemma

Fund. of Nursing (5 decks)

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