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Patho > Chapter 7: Fluid & Electrolyte Imbalances > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Fluid & Electrolyte Imbalances Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

What percentage is the human body made up of water?

A

60%

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2
Q

Functions of electrolytes and protein solutes

A

deliver nutrients and electrolytes to cells and carry away waste products from cellular metabolism

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3
Q

Intracellular Fluid Compartment

A

water in the cells; 40% of body weight, diffuse out of ICF= Cell shrinkage or cell dehydration; water entering=cell swelling or cell edema

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4
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

within the bloodstream; 20% of body weight, contains electrolytes, oxygen, glucose and other nutrients and waste products for excretion

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5
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

btwn cells and capillaries; lacks proteins b/c too large to diffuse, during inflammation, capillary membrane become extrapermable, pores enlarge, allowing proteins(WBC) out of tissues

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6
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

pushing force exerted by water in the bloodstream into the cell

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7
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure exerted by solutes in solution; exerted by electrolytes, mainly sodium and plasma proteins, forces that pulls water into bloodstream from ICF and ISF, opposes hydrostatic pressure

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8
Q

A solution with greater number of particles has ____ _________ pressure?

A

higher osmotic

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9
Q

When Osmotic pressure is decreased, what happens?

A

fluid moves out of bloodstream and into ISF and ICF

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10
Q

oncotic pressure

A

colloidal osmotic pressure; a type of OP exerted specifically by albumin in bloodstream, albumin attracts water, helps keep it inside blood vessel

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11
Q

normal serum albumin level

A

3.1-4.3 g/dL

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12
Q

osmolality

A

measurement of the concentration of solutes per kg of solvent; used to evaluate hydration status

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13
Q

normal plasma osmolality

A

282 to 295 milliosmoles per kg of the h20

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14
Q

well hydrated osmolality number?

A

282

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15
Q

low hydration osmolality number?

A

295

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16
Q

osmolarity

A

of osmoles of solute per liter of solution

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17
Q

albumin

A

major protein within the bloodstream, exerts most osmotic pressure

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18
Q

sodium

A

main determinant of osmolarity, cation; assists in maintenance of fluid balance and osmotic pressure

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19
Q

Potassium

A

main intracellular cation; assists in maintenance of neuromuscular excitability and acid base balance

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20
Q

phosphate

A

intracellular negative ion=anion

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21
Q

magnesium

A

role in enzymatic systems within a body

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22
Q

Bicarbonate

A

role in neuromuscular irritability, blood clotting and bone structure

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23
Q

Tonicity

A

concentration of solutes in solution compared with bloodstream

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24
Q

isotonic solution

A

same tonicity as blood

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25
When isotonic solution is infused as IV solution what happens?
doesn't cause fluid shift or alter blood body cell size
26
Common isotonic solutions and what is it used for?
0.9% NaCl solution, Normal saline(NS); used to keep open connection to the IV route
27
Hypotonic solution
more water than blood
28
When hypotonic solution is infused what happens?
causes shift from ECF to ICF, makes the cell swell
29
Common hypotonic solutions and what is it used for?
0.45% Nacl or 1/2 NS; used for dehydration treatment
30
Hypertonic solution
more particles and less water than blood
31
when hypertonic solution is infused what happens?
solutes added to the bloodstream, causing fluid shift from ICF to ECF, body cells shrink
32
Common hypertonic solutions and what is it used for?
3% Nacl or mannitol; used to diminish cell swelling in edema
33
What is 5% dextrose water (D5W) used for?
delivers glucose to prevent hypoglycemia
34
What is the temporary replacement for blood?
Ringers Lactate
35
What does an increased plasma osmolarity do?
stimulates osmoreceptors in hypothalamus; stim thirst
36
thirst
conscious desire to drink fluids; triggered by response
37
where is the thirst center located?
anterior hypothalamus
38
When is RAAS activated?
decrease circulation or decrease in BP
39
steps of RAAS
1: kidneys sense decrease in circulation or BP and secrete renin 2: renin stimulates the liver--- angiotensinogen 3; lungs convert to angiotensin I 4; amgiotension II stimulates peripheral arterial vasoconstriction with raises BP 5: stimulates adrenal gland to release aldosterone 6:aldosterone increases sodium and H2O reabsorption into bloodstream and causes potassium secretion into urine
40
RAAS net effect
increased blood volume and increased BP
41
Physiological effects of parathyroid hormone
increases reabsorption of bone; stimulates renal reabsorption of calcium; inhibits renal reabsorption of phosphate
42
physiological effects of antidiuretic hormone
increases renal water reabsorption, vasoconstriction
43
physiological effects of calcitonin
inhibits osteoclasts in bone
44
physiological effects of aldosterone
increased renal sodium and water reabsorption; increases renal excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions
45
physiological effects of atrial natiruretic peptide
increase renal sodium and water excretion
46
What increases the secretion of Aldosterone?
angiotension II, increased plasma potassium
47
What increases the secretion of Parathyroid hormone?
low plasma calcium
48
what increases the secretion of antidiuretic hormone?
increased osmolaity, substance decreased arterial blood pressure
49
what increases the secretion of artial natriuretic peptide?
increased volume in the cardiac atria
50
Calcitonin
high plasma calcium
51
Natriuresis
excretion of a large amount of both sodium and water by the kidneys in response to excess ECF volume
52
Atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP)
produced by hearts atria and is secreted in response to excess ECF volume
53
C-type natriuretic peptide(CNP)
produced by endothelial cells of arteries and ventricular cells of heart
54
B-type natriuretic peptide(BNP)
produced in hearts ventricles and in brain. Excreted in response to fluid volume overload stretching hearts ventricles.
55
edema
occurs when excess of fluid in ISF and ICF or inflammation
56
Third-spacing
when parts of the body that usually doesn't have fluids, has sequestered fluids
57
effusion
fluid that accumulates in these cavities
58
transudate
serous filtrate of blood
59
hypovolemia
diminished level of circulating blood volume, decreased osmolarity of the blood
60
fluid necessary
1500 mL/m2= 2 liters per day
61
dehydrated patient vital signs
tachycardia and hypotension
62
Sodium normal levels
135-145mEq/L
63
Where is sodium located?
ECF
64
Sodiums does what?
controls distribution of H2O, maintains normal fluid balance, and maintains electrical gradient of neural membrane
65
Hyponatremia
serum level less than 135mEq/L
66
Causes of Hyponatremia
Hypergylcemia, dirrahea, burns, diuretic therapy, renal disease
67
Hypernatermia
sodium level greater than 145 meq/L
68
causes of hypernatremia
Cushings, diabetes insipidus, diarrhea, hypercalcemia, tube feedings, water deprivation
69
severe hyponatermia can cause what?
seizures, coma and irreversible neurological damage
70
manifestations of hypernatremia
weight gain, hypertension, tachycardia, thirst, dehydrated
71
Where is potassium located?
ICF
72
how much potassium do we require per day?
40-60
73
Hypokalemia
potassium below 3.5 meq/L
74
causes of hypokalemia
diuretic therapy, alkalosis, laxative abuse, nasogastric suction
75
Treatment of hypokalemia?
replace with foods such as OJ, bananas, meat, fruits
76
effects of hypokalemia on a ECG
flattened T wave, prominent U wave, prolonged PR interval
77
Early symptoms of hypokalemia
anorexia, nausea, vomiting, sluggish bowel, cardiac arthymias, postural hypotension, muscle fatigue
78
Hyperkalemia
blood level greater than 5.2 mEq/L
79
Causes of hyperkalemia
addisons disease, burns, extreme exercise, renal failure
80
Presentation of hyperkalemia
numbness or tingling, cramping, diarrhea,apathy and mental confusion
81
Calcium functions
formation and function of bones, teeth, clotting and regulation of neuromuscular irritability
82
hypocalcemia
blood calcium levels less than 8.5mg/dL or 4 meq/L
83
Causes of hypocalcemia
lack of sufficient Ca in diet, vitamin D deficiency, renal disease or hypoparathyroidism,
84
signs of hypocalcemia
paresthesias(numbness and tingling) around mouth, hands and feet; chvosteks sign and trousseaus sign; spasms, seizures and death; hypotension
85
What does calcium have a synergetic relationship with?
phosphorus
86
What does calcium have a inverse relationship with?
magnesium
87
Hypercalcemia
calcium level greater than the 10mg/dL or 5 meq/L
88
causes of hypercalcemia
hyperparathyroidism and cancer; BONE MEDS FROM CANCER!!!
89
signs of hypercalcemia
muscle weakness, muscle flaccidity, renal stones, ECG changes, confusion, tiredness
90
treat hypercalcemia
phosphate, increase mobility, calcitonin, diuretics, IV fluids
91
Phosphorus functions
intracellular anion, components of bone, RBS and formation of ATP
92
Hypophosphatemia
blood level phosphate lower than 2.5 mg/dL
93
causes of hypophosphatemia
decreased absorption, increase excretion=alkalosis, deficient intake=malabsorption, vitamin d deficiency
94
hyperphosphatemia
PO4- level of 4.5 mg/dL or greater
95
causes of hyperphosphatemia
kidney failure, acidosis, hypocalcemia
96
Magnesium stored where?
stored in bone
97
Hypomagnesemia
less than 1.8mEq/L
98
causes of hypomagnesemia
laxative abuse, burns, sepsis, alcoholism, stress
99
symptoms of hypomagnesemia
tetany, spasms, tremors, cardiac arrhythmias, paralysis, heart block, coma, hypertension
100
Hypermagnesemia
greater than 2.5
101
diabetic keto acidosis
affects people with diabetes. It occurs when the body starts breaking down fat at a rate that is much too fast.
102
causes of hypermagnesemia
renal disease, excessive laxative and antacid use
103
symptoms of hypermagnesemia
hypotension, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, not good reflexes

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