Chapter 7- Gender + Sexuality Flashcards
(21 cards)
Sex vs. Gender historically vs. Contemporary
Historically: sex and gender were linked and viewed as a binary
Contemporary: social and cultural expectations associated with different categories but not limited to men and women → not linked to sex and not binary
Simone Beauvoir
First to discuss gender as a social construct separate from sex
‘The second sex’ →women always viewed relative to men and as what men are not
↳ women as other
Become gender through socialization
Judith Butler
Gender as performance and impersonation
↳ performance constrained by patriarchy: men hold more privilege in society
Arlie Hochschild
Concept of the second shift → women expected to maintain household as well as work full-time
Women spend DOUBLE the amount of time on household chores than men
Angela Davis
Marxist analysis of gender, race, and class
Believed women liberation movement excluded WOC, and working class women
↳ white women benefited from subjugation of WOC during these movements
Parson and Bales
Necessity of family unit and maintaining gender differences→ functionalist
Gender Differences are universal and inevitable
Family unit is most effective if parents play correct roles (man and woman)
Kimberlé Crenshaw
Intersectionality as an analytical lense: can’t separate from race, age, ability, etc. → all impact life chances
R.W. Connel
Archetypal masculinities → type of masculinity that exist across cultures that produce stereotypes
Ideal form of masculinity : America→ strong, stable, breadwinner etc.
Biological sex as binary → debunked
Together chromosomes and hormones indicate higher rates of potential variability in sex and visible sex characteristics which nullifies the sex binary
Existence of Intersex people
Bisexual erasure
Legitimacy of an individuals bisexuality is questioned or ignored
- Perception that bisexuality= curiosity and/or promiscuity
Face discrimination from both straight and LGBTQ communities
Compulsory heterosexuality
Default assumption that people are heterosexual
Conflict Theory on Gender
Capitalism necessitates reproduction of traditional family structures to support the workforce
Functionalism on Gender
Gender Differences are objectively true and functional
↳ contribute to continuation of human species and social stability
Symbolic interactionist’s on Gender
Gender norms, bias, and inequalities are learned and reproduced through interactions with others
Feminism on Gender
Gender Differences are socially constructed and produce multiple forms of inequality across different social spheres
Modern Marxists on Gender in relation to class
Compounding effect of gender oppression onto an economic base
↳ keeping women out of workforce reduces competition
Differences between feminist waves in North America
1st wave: suffragette movement → some women given the right to vote
2nd wave:women’s right to equally paid work→ focused on individual freedom and competing with men as opposed to collective
3rd wave: recognition of gender as a label→ equality of all genders, not just women
4th wave: Digital continuation of 3rd wave
Positionality vs. Standpoint vs. Intersectionality
Positionality→ social and political context that creates your identity →also how identity influences and biases your understanding and outlook on world
Standpoint →argues knowledge stems from social position
Intersectionality→ how different factors of discrimination can meet at an intersection and affect someone’s life
Ideal hegemonic masculinity
Culturally idealized features a person presenting masculinity should have → good man is and good man is not
Patriarchal dividends
The benefits all men experience for being a man: material and psychological manifestation of male privilege
Aggrieved entitlement
Those who uphold masculinity are not being rewarded for their efforts
Feel as though patriarchal dividend has been denied in some way
When used to privilege → equity can feel like oppression
