chapter 7: Irrigation Flashcards by noor belhasa

Historically, civilizations have been dependent on

development of irrigated agriculture

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Historically, civilizations have been dependent on development of irrigated agriculture to provide

agrarian basis of a society & to augment the security of people.

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Archaeological investigation has identified evidence of irrigation in Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt & Ancient Persia as far back as the

6th millennium BCE (Before Christ Era).

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In the Zana valley of the Andes Mountain in Peru, archaeologists found remains of three irrigation canals referred to the

4th millennium BC, the 3rd Millennium BC & the 9th century CE (Christ Era)

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In the Zana valley of the Andes Mountain in Peru, archaeologists found remains of three irrigation canals referred to the 4th millennium BC, the 3rd Millennium BC & the 9th century CE (Christ Era). These canals are

the earliest record of irrigation in the new world.

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The Indus valley civilization in Pakistan & North India (from

2600 BC)

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The Indus valley civilization in Pakistan & North India (from 2600 BC) also had

an early canal irrigation system

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The Indus valley civilization in Pakistan & North India (from 2600 BC) also had an early canal irrigation system. Large scale agriculture was used for the purpose of

irrigation

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The Indus valley civilization in Pakistan & North India (from 2600 BC) also had an early canal irrigation system. Large scale agriculture was used for the purpose of irrigation. …………………….. and ……………………… were developed

Sophisticated irrigation & storage systems

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The Indus valley civilization in Pakistan & North India (from 2600 BC) also had an early canal irrigation system. Large scale agriculture was used for the purpose of irrigation. Sophisticated irrigation & storage systems were developed, including

the reservoirs built at Girnar in 3000 BC.

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There is evidence of ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Amenemhet-III (about ………………….)

1800 BC

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There is evidence of ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Amenemhet-III (about 1800 BC) using

the natural lake of the Faiyum Oasis as a reservoir to store surpluses of water for use during the dry seasons.

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The Qanats, developed in ancient Persia in about

800 BC

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The Qanats, developed in ancient Persia in about 800 BC, are among the

oldest known irrigation methods still in use today

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The Qanats, developed in ancient Persia in about 800 BC, are among the oldest known irrigation methods still in use today. The system comprises a network of

vertical wells & gently sloping tunnels driven into the sides of cliffs & steep hills to tap ground water

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The irrigation works of ancient Sri Lanka, the earliest dating from about

300 BC

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The irrigation works of ancient Sri Lanka, the earliest dating from about 300 BC, were one of the

most complex irrigation systems of the ancient world

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The irrigation works of ancient Sri Lanka, the earliest dating from about 300 BC, were one of the most complex irrigation systems of the ancient world. In addition to

underground canals

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The irrigation works of ancient Sri Lanka, the earliest dating from about 300 BC, were one of the most complex irrigation systems of the ancient world. In addition to underground canals, the Sinhalese were the first to build

completely artificial reservoirs to store water

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restored & further extended later (1153-1186 CE).

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In the Szechwan region ancient China the Dujiangyan Irrigation System was built in

250 BC

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In the Szechwan region ancient China the Dujiangyan Irrigation System was built in 250 BC to

irrigate a large area & it still supplies water today

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In Korea, the world‟s first water gauge was discovered in

1441 CE

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In the Americas, extensive irrigation systems were created by

numerous groups in prehistoric times

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In the Americas, extensive irrigation systems were created by numerous groups in prehistoric times. One example is seen near the Santa Cruz River in Tucson, Arizona. They have located a

a village site dating from 4000 years ago

In the Americas, extensive irrigation systems were created by numerous groups in prehistoric times. One example is seen near the Santa Cruz River in Tucson, Arizona. They have located a village site dating from 4000 years ago. The flood plain of the Santa Cruz River was

extensively farmed during the early agricultural period, circa 1200 BC to AD 150.

The Great Dam of Ma'rib certainly dates back to about

the 8th century BC

The Great Dam of Ma'rib certainly dates back to about the 8th century BC and is considered

the oldest known dam in the world

The Great Dam of Ma'rib certainly dates back to about the 8th century BC and is considered the oldest known dam in the world, being counted as one of the most wonderful feats of

of engineering in the ancient world

The medieval Arab geographer Yaqut Al-Ḥamawi describes it thus It is between

three mountains

the one location

one direction

hard rocks and lead

springs floodwater

the dam like a sea

The medieval Arab geographer [Yaqut Al-Ḥamawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%81q%C5%ABt_al-%E1%B8%A4amaw%C4%AB) describes it thus: It is between three mountains, and the flood waters all flow to the one location, and because of that the water only discharges in one direction; and the ancients blocked that place with hard rocks and lead. The water from springs gathers there as well as floodwater, collecting behind the dam like a sea. Whenever they wanted to, they could........................ from it

irrigate their crops

sluice gates

close the gates again as they pleased.

Irrigation is defined as

Artificially supplying & systematically dividing of water for agriculture in order to obtain higher or qualitatively better production

Successful farmers have used different methods to apply water to their crops. This artificial addition of water is

called irrigation

This artificial addition of water is called irrigation. Irrigation is essentially the

artificial application of water

This artificial addition of water is called irrigation. Irrigation is essentially the artificial application of water to overcome

deficiencies in rainfall for growing crops

In traditional agriculture, irrigation was recognized for its

protective role of insurance against the variations of rainfall

Importance of irrigation: in the next 35 to 45 years world food production will need to

double to meet the demands of increased population

Without irrigation, farming is

very limited

Without irrigation, farming is very limited & if the rainfall decreases to less than .............. , agriculture becomes .................................

30cm, agriculture becomes impossible without irrigation

**Benefits of irrigation:**

* It increases crop yield. It protects from famine. Ultimately it helps in economic development. * Irrigation water improves water conditions in the soil, increases the water content of plant fibers, dissolves nutrients & makes them available to plants. * Irrigation affects temperature conditions by regulating the temperature of the surface layer of the soil & the ground layer of the air * It controls growth & development of plants & improvement of the quality of the harvest.

Irrigation systems are often designed to

maximize efficiencies & minimize labour & capital requirements

There are three broad classes of irrigation system:

1. Pressurized distribution. 2. Gravity flow distribution. 3. Drainage flow distribution.

1. Pressurized distribution: The pressurized systems include

sprinkler, trickle, in which water is conveyed to & distributed over the fields through pressurized pipe networks.

2. Gravity flow distribution:

This system conveys & distributes water at the field level by a free surface, overland flow regime

3. Drainage flow distribution

Irrigation by control of the drainage system sub irrigation is not so common but is interesting.

3. Drainage flow distribution: Irrigation by control of the drainage system sub irrigation is not so common but is interesting. Relatively large volumes of applied irrigation water percolate through

the root zone

a drainage or ground water flow

3. Drainage flow distribution: Irrigation by control of the drainage system sub irrigation is not so common but is interesting. Relatively large volumes of applied irrigation water percolate through the root zone & become a drainage or ground water flow. By controlling

the flow at critical points

within reach of the crop roots

To supply water to the entire field uniformly so that each plant would get

sufficient amount of water

To supply water to the entire field uniformly so that each plant would get sufficient amount of water, there are various types of irrigation techniques that differ in

how the water obtained from the source is distributed within the field

To supply water to the entire field uniformly so that each plant would get sufficient amount of water, there are various types of irrigation techniques that differ in how the water obtained from the source is distributed within the field. These are:

1. surface irrigation 2. ditch irrigation 3. localized irrigation 4. overhead irrigation 5. sub irrigation 6. manual irrigation

. Surface Irrigation:

In this irrigation system water moves over & across the land by simple gravity flow in order to wet it & to infiltrate into the soil.

Surface Irrigation: In this irrigation system water moves over & across the land by simple gravity flow in order to wet it & to infiltrate into the soil. It is often called

flood irrigation

Surface Irrigation: In this irrigation system water moves over & across the land by simple gravity flow in order to wet it & to infiltrate into the soil. It is often called flood irrigation when the irrigation results in

flooding or near flooding of the cultivated land.

2. Ditch Irrigation:

This is the simplest & oldest irrigation system & still common in many parts of the world

Ditch Irrigation: This is the simplest & oldest irrigation system & still common in many parts of the world. The only technology essential is the manpower or machines to

dig ditches

Ditch Irrigation: This is the simplest & oldest irrigation system & still common in many parts of the world. The only technology essential is the manpower or machines to dig ditches or

furrows between the rows of plants

Ditch Irrigation: This is the simplest & oldest irrigation system & still common in many parts of the world. The only technology essential is the manpower or machines to dig ditches or furrows between the rows of plants. Water is added to the ditches by means of

gravity flow, pumps & siphons

. Localized Irrigation

It is a system where water is distributed under low pressure through a piped network, in a pre-determined pattern, & applied as a small discharge.

Drip Irrigation: this is also known as

as trickle irrigation

Drip Irrigation: This is also known as trickle irrigation.

Water is delivered at or near the root zone of plants; drop by drop. This method can be the most water efficient method of irrigation.

Overhead Irrigation:

This is the artificial application of water to crops from above.

Overhead Irrigation: This is the artificial application of water to crops from above. Central pivot systems, which are in wide use in areas of

flat terrain

Overhead Irrigation: This is the artificial application of water to crops from above. Central pivot systems, which are in wide use in areas of flat terrain, have sprinklers spaced along very long

aluminum or steel pipes

Overhead Irrigation: This is the artificial application of water to crops from above. Central pivot systems, which are in wide use in areas of flat terrain, have sprinklers spaced along very long aluminum or steel pipes that extend in ............ directions from ..............................

two directions from a central supply point

Overhead Irrigation: This is the artificial application of water to crops from above. Central pivot systems, which are in wide use in areas of flat terrain, have sprinklers spaced along very long aluminum or steel pipes that extend in two directions from a central supply point. ............................ are another very common overhead irrigation system.

Sprinkler systems

Overhead Irrigation: This is the artificial application of water to crops from above. Central pivot systems, which are in wide use in areas of flat terrain, have sprinklers spaced along very long aluminum or steel pipes that extend in two directions from a central supply point. Sprinkler systems are another very common overhead irrigation system. In these systems,

water is piped to a point within the area to be irrigated.

Sub-Irrigation: This is also called as

seepage irrigation

Sub-Irrigation: This is also called as seepage irrigation used for

many years

Sub-Irrigation: This is also called as seepage irrigation used for many years in the fields

where water table is high

Sub-Irrigation: This is also called as seepage irrigation used for many years in the fields where water table is high. This method artificially ..................the water table by

raises allowing the soil to be moistened from below the plants‟ root zone

Manual Irrigation

This system has low requirements for infrastructure & technical equipment but needs high labour inputs by using buckets or watering cans.

According to the different sources of irrigation there are two major divisions found. These are:

1. flow irrigation 2. lift irrigation

Flow Irrigation:

The water of a reservoir or tank usually remains at a higher level & when a channel is connected to it, water automatically flows down the channel which fulfills the purpose of a canal for irrigation.

Flow Irrigation: The water of a reservoir or tank usually remains at a higher level & when a channel is connected to it, water automatically flows down the channel which fulfills the purpose of a canal for irrigation. In this case water level remains

higher than the fields

as the flow irrigation

Lift Irrigation

Where the fields lie at a higher level & the canals or tanks lie at a lower level, it becomes essential to lift the water by pump etc. to irrigate land.

Lift Irrigation: Where the fields lie at a higher level & the canals or tanks lie at a lower level, it becomes essential to lift the water by pump etc. to irrigate land. Water is lifted from

tanks, wells & tube wells

Lift Irrigation: Where the fields lie at a higher level & the canals or tanks lie at a lower level, it becomes essential to lift the water by pump etc. to irrigate land. Water is lifted from tanks, wells & tube wells by ........... for .............. through

pumps for irrigation through channels

Where the fields lie at a higher level & the canals or tanks lie at a lower level, it becomes essential to lift the water by pump etc. to irrigate land. Water is lifted from tanks, wells & tube wells by pumps for irrigation through channels. This method of irrigation is known as the

lift irrigation.