Chapter 7 - Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

lasting change caused by experience - must be inferred from behavior and cannot be directly observed

Question 2

associative learning

Answer 2

two or more stimuli become linked

Question 3

non-associative learning

Answer 3

repeating information becomes coded in memory

Question 4

Habituation

Answer 4

weakening a response after being repeated too much (it doesn’t require as much attention as other things do)

Question 5

dishabituation

Answer 5

recovery of attention - we become vigilant if we hear something important in the middle

Question 6

sensitization

Answer 6

strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response

Question 7

types of associative learning

Answer 7

classical and operant conditioning

Question 8

conditioning

Answer 8

association of events in the environment

Question 9

classical conditioning

Answer 9

forming a connection between two unrelated stimuli

Question 10

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 10

stimulus that results in response on its own - (food)

Question 11

Unconditioned response

Answer 11

physical response from unconditioned stimulus (salivation from food)

Question 12

conditioned stimulus

Answer 12

stimulus that creates same response as unconditioned stimulus (bell)

Question 13

conditioned response

Answer 13

physical reaction in response to something that has been conditioned (salivation from bell)

Question 14

acquisition

Answer 14

process of learning to associate unconditioned and conditioned response (bell and food)

Question 15

Extinction

Answer 15

reducing a conditioned response after conditioned stimulus isn’t whats expected (bell without food)

Question 16

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 16

chance of conditioned response returning after extinction has occurred

Question 17

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 17

being able to distinguish between similar stimulus

Question 17

Stimulus generalization

Answer 17

when stimuli triggers a conditioned response to something that looks similar (tape dispenser and snail)

Question 18

Higher-order conditioning

Answer 18

using what’s already been conditioned to create another conditioning (using bell to make dog salivate over music)

Question 19

Little Albert experiment

Answer 19

Used classical conditioning to pair a white rat with a loud bang and baby began getting scared of rat

Question 19

Phobia

Answer 19

irrational obsessive fear that may arise from fear conditioning

Question 20

Systematic desensitization

Answer 20

used to extinguish phobia through exposure (exposure therapy)

Question 21

Conditioned taste aversion

Answer 21

stimulus becomes connected to nausea after having a reaction paired with illness - getting food poisoning from something and trying to avoid it

Question 22

Operant conditioning

Answer 22

behavior is modified depending on consequences

Question 23

Law of effect

Answer 23

rewards entice good behavior and punishments redu e bad behavior

Question 24

Behaviorism

Answer 24

systematic study and manipulation of observable behavior

Question 25

Reinforcer

Answer 25

experiment that increases certain behavior

Question 26

positive reinforcement

Answer 26

giving a reward to increase chances of that behavior

Question 27

Negative reinforcement

Answer 27

taking away an unpleasant feeling to increase behavior (seatbelt sound)

Question 28

Punishment

Answer 28

something that decreases certain behavior

Question 29

Positive punishment

Answer 29

adding an unpleasant consequence (chores)

Question 30

Negative punishment

Answer 30

removing a pleasant feeling (no phone)

Question 31

Primary reinforcers

Answer 31

Stimulus with survival value (food, water, no pain)

Question 32

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 32

becomes rewarding when associated with primary reinforcer- learned (money, grades, praise)

Question 33

Primary punisher

Answer 33

stimulus causing dislikeness (slapping, loud sounds)

Question 33

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 33

Behavior is reinforced every time it occurs - learns quicker

Question 34

Intermittent/Partial reinforcement

Answer 34

reinforced some of the time - slower learning

Question 34

Secondary punisher

Answer 34

becomes disliked when associated with a primary punisher (disapproval, bad grades)

Question 34

Fixed ratio schedule

Answer 34

reinforcement after a fixed number of responses - high rate of responding with pauses after reinforcement

Question 34

Variable ratio schedule

Answer 34

reinforcement is unpredictable - high regular response (ex gambling)

Question 35

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 35

reinforcement after fixed time has elapsed (low rate)

Question 36

variable interval schedule

Answer 36

reinforcement occurs after varying lengths of time (low rate)

Question 37

Observational learning/social learning

Answer 37

watching the behaviors of models

Question 37

Shaping

Answer 37

giving reinforcements after small steps (training a dog to roll over)

Question 37

Behavior modification

Answer 37

changing behavior through operant conditioning (sticker chart at home)

Question 37

Modelling

Answer 37

learning behavior from someone else

Question 38

Implicit learning

Answer 38

learning things without being aware (learning to talk)

Question 38

Mirror neurons

Answer 38

the type of neuron that is fired when acting the same as someone else

Question 38

Latent learning

Answer 38

we didn't know we learned something until given a chance to express it

Question 38

Vicarious learning

Answer 38

seeing another suffer consequences and avoiding that behavior

Question 38

Insight learning

Answer 38

sudden realizing a solution to a problam

Question 38

Stroop effect

Answer 38

information is contradictory (green written in red ink)

Question 38

Factors thar facilitate learning

Answer 38

Sleep, timing, awareness, attention, context

Question 38

Context

Answer 38

Studying in the same room multiple times can help with memory

Question 39

Dyslexia

Answer 39

reading disorder

Question 39

Prenatal learning

Answer 39

non-associative

Question 40

Dyscalculia

Answer 40

math disorder

Question 41

Dysgraphia

Answer 41

disorder of written expression