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A&P > Chapter 7 Learning Objectives > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Learning Objectives Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

List the functions of the skeletal system; recognize an example of each function

A

-support: supports body shape, muscles, teeth
-protection: brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs
-movement: action of muscle on bone enables limb movement and breathing (rib cage)
-acid base balance: releases calcium carbonate, a buffer that contributes to maintaining homeostasis in the blood
-blood formation: red bone marrow produces new blood cells (hematopoiesis)

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2
Q

what is red bone marrow’s purpose? where is it located for children vs adults?

A

-produces new blood cells (hematopoiesis)
-located in almost every bone in children
-limited to skull, ribs, hips, epiphyses for adults
-also in shafts of long bones, the marrow becomes fatty yellow bone marrow
-located in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis and in spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone

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3
Q

what is bone

A

type of connective tissue which is the space between cells and extracellular matrix

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4
Q

what are the inorganic vs organic parts of the bone matrix?

A

-2/3 of bone tissue is inorganic; 85% hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate salt); 10% calcium carbonate (along with fluoride, Na, MG
-1/3 is organic material’ 90% is collagen protein fibers; 10% GAG, glycoproteins, proteoglycans

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5
Q

Function and dysfunction of inorganic materials of bone

A

-creates strong and rigid bone
-osteomalasia (soft bones/rickets): low calcium due to vitamin d deficiency

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6
Q

function and dysfunction of organic materials in bone

A

-creates flexible bone
-osteogenesis imperfecta: brittle bones from inability to depositing collagen

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7
Q

what is compact bone composed of

A

osteon is structural unit; packed osteons are dense, strong, heavy

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8
Q

where is compact bone located

A

thin outer shell of diaphysis

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9
Q

what is spongy bone composed of

A

-trabeculae: thin plate of bony matrix
-few osteons, space between trabeculae which adds strength but with less weight

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10
Q

where is spongy bone located

A

in the epiphyses of the bone

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11
Q

what is the epiphyses

A

-enlarged ends of long bones

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12
Q

what is the purpose of epiphyses and what is it made of

A

-wideness adds strength for joints and room for ligaments and tendons to attach
-adds less weight because it is mostly spongy bone with a thin shell of compact bone; covered in articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

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13
Q

what is the diaphysis

A

-in between the two epiphyses of the bone
-location of the bine marrow cavity

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14
Q

what is the diaphysis composed of

A

-covered by thin, strong layer of compact bone
-hollow in the middle

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15
Q

what is the periosteum

A

-external sheath that covers all bone; sits outside of compact bone layer

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16
Q

differentiate between outer fibrous layer and inner osteogenic layer of the periosteum

A

outer fibrous layer: dense irregular ct (collagen fibers); strong link between a bone and tendon (muscle)
-inner osteogenic layer: bone-forming cells important to growth of bone and healing of fractures are located here

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17
Q

what is the endosteum

A

-thin layer of reticular connective tissue lining the marrow cavity
-another location for bone-forming cells

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18
Q

what is the location of the endosteum

A

-inner lining bony canals and covering trabeculae; lines medullary cavity

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19
Q

what are short bones; where can they be found

A

-type of bone tissue
-equal in length and width
-mostly in carpals (wrist) and tarsals (ankles)

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20
Q

what are flat bones and where can they be found

A

-one of the four types of bone tissue
-curved but wide and thin
-several skull, bones, hip bones, sternum, ribs, scapula

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21
Q

what are long bones and where can they be found

A

-one of the four types of bone tissue
-longer than wide
-many of the bones of the limbs

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22
Q

what are irregular bones and where can you find them

A

-one of the four types of bone tissues
-elaborate shapes that dont fit into any category
-many bones (unity of shape and function)

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23
Q

what are lacunae

A

tiny cavities where osteocytes reside

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24
Q

what are canaliculi

A

cytoplasmic channels that allow communication between lacunae

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25
what are stem cells
-cells that are not specialized yet
26
what is rough er when it comes to osteoblasts
-lots of rer because of high collagen levels
27
what is the resorption bay
-where osteoclasts sit; pits on the surfaces of bone -created by osteoclasts
28
what is the ruffle border
-released material of the bone is taken in through this to become bioavailable
29
what three cell types are builders in bone formation
osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes
30
what are osteogenic cells?
undifferentiated stem cells that multiply continuously to produce new osteoblasts
31
where are osteogenic cells found?
endosteum, periosteum, and central canals of osteon
32
what are osteoblasts
-differentiated and non-mitotic bone-forming cells -synthesize and secrete collagen (soft organic component of bone matrix) -have lots of rer because of the collagen; they do not synthesize calcium but are involved in deposition
33
what is mineral depositon/crystallization in bone formation
hardening of bone when hydroxyapatite and other minerals crystalize on the collagen fibers secreted by osteoblasts -occurs spontaneously because of high mineral concentration
34
What allows the crystallization of bone?
-osteoblasts neutralize inhibitors
35
what are osteocytes
-osteoblasts that become trapped in the hardened matrix they produce can differentiate into osteocytes
36
what are osteoclasts
-involved in bone formation but dissolve bone -develop from hematopoietic stem cells (not osteogenic) -formed by the fusion of several stem cells (multinucleated)
37
where are osteoclasts found
sit in resorption bays which are pits on the surfaces of bone
38
what are osteoclast's function
release materials stored in bone (calcium ions) that are taken in through the ruffle border (microvilli) to become bioavailable
39
how do osteoclast dissolve hard inorganic materials
-osteoclasts secrete hydrogen and negatively charged calcium ions follow by electrical attraction and combine with hydrogen ions to form hydrochloric acid -HCL is strong acid of ph 4 that dissolves the mineral component
40
how do osteoclasts dissolve the flexible organic proteins
secrete proteolytic enzymes that digests collagen and other proteins
41
what is intramembranous ossification
-produces flat bones of skull; clavicle -mesenchyme to bone
42
what is endochondral ossification
-cartilage is the precursor to bone -mesenchyme to cartilage to bone
43
which bone formation is the most common
-endochondral ossification -produces most of our bones
44
what are the 6 zones of metaphysis
zone of reverse cartilage zone of cell proliferation (hyperplasia) zone of cell hypertrophy zone of calcification zone of bone deposition
45
what is the zone of reverse cartilage
typical histology of resting hyaline cartilage
46
what is the zone of cell proliferation (hyperplasia)
growth from cell division producing more chondrocytes
47
what is the zone of cell hypertrophy
cessation of mitosis; chondrocytes enlarge the lacuna walls get thinner
48
what is the zone of calcification
temporary calcification of cartilage matrix between columns of lacunae
49
what is the zone of bone deposition
chondrocytes die osteoclasts breakdown lacuna walls osteoblasts deposit spongy bone and later compact bone at the perimeter
50
what is interstitial growth
-elongation after birth, long bones continue to elongate by endochondral ossification at the metaphysis -both hyperplasia and hypertrophy occur here
51
what is the metaphysis
the area where cartilage is transitioning to bone in endochondral ossification
52
what is hyperplasia
growth of tissue by cell division (most common)
53
what is hypertrophy
growth of tissue by cellular enlargement (muscle)
54
when does interstitial growth end
as long as chondrocytes at the epiphyseal plate divide plate calcifies aroun 16-20 years old and prevent lengthening
55
what is achondroplastic dwarfism
long bones stop growing in childhood especially in the limbs
56
what causes achondroplastic dwarfism
cartilage at the epiphyseal plates fail to grow affects endochondral ossification spontaneous mutation produces mutant dominant allele
57
what is pituitary dwarfism
lack of growth hormone ; typical proportions but short stature
58
what is appositional growth
increase in bone diameter that occurs throughout life
59
what role does osteoblasts play in appositional growth
deposit new bone (osteoid tissue) on the inner side of the periosteum layers parallel to the surface to form circumferential lamellae this adds compact bone to the outer shell
60
what role does osteoclasts play in appositional growth
as the bone widens, they dissolve bone tissue to increase the marrow cavity covert compact bone to spongy this keeps weigh from increasing too much it keeps the ratio of the shell to cavity similar
61
what is bone remodeling
continuous dissolving and re-building of the bones of our skeleton that occurs through our lives
62
what is wolff's law of bone
the architecture of bone is determined by mechanical stresses placed on it
63
how do osteoblasts play a role in wolff's law of bone
osteoblasts build trabeculae along lines of greater stress bony processes grow larger in response to mechanical stress
64
what is the importance of calcium in the diet
calcium is needed for muscle and nerve function; needed for calcium homeostasis which controls neuron communication, blood clotting, exocytosis, muscle contraction
65
what is absorption of calcium
to take into blood or tissues for the first time; nutrients (calcium) from food are absorbed in the small intestine
66
what is the resorption of calcium
to put back into the blood or tissues; released calcium is again available for muscle and nerve function
67
what is calcitonin
-stimulates osteoblasts and increases their numbers -inhibits osteoblasts by reducing bone melting
68
in children, is calcitonin or calcium more important in calcium homeostasis
calcitonin
69
what is parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-raises blood calcium with a loss of bone mass
70
when and why is PTH secreted
-parathyroid glands -blood calcium levels get too low
71
how does PTH raise calcium blood levels
-promotes ca2+ reabsorption by kidneys so less is lost in urine -promotes the final step of calcitriol synthesis in the kidneys which enhance calcium-raising effects of calcitriol -binds to receptors on osteoblasts, stimulating them to secrete RANKL which raises the osteoclast population -inhibits bone deposition by inhibiting collagen synthesis by osteoblasts
72
what does calcitriol do
raises blood calcium but increases bone density
73
which hormone is neccessary for bone deposition
calcitriol
74
how does calcitriol function in the body
-keratinocytes in skin (stimulated by UV); liver and kidneys work together to make it -increases Ca++ absorption by small intestine -promotes kidney. resorption (less lost in urine) -doesn't promote bone resorption (may inhibit osteoclast differentiation
75
what is calcitonin's function
lowers blood calcium
76
what is hypocalcemia
calcium deficiency
77
what are the effects of hypocalcemia
can cause over-excitability of the nervous and muscular systems which results in muscle spasms, trousseaus, tetany
78
what causes hypocalcemia
-diarrhea, pregnancy/lactation, horomonal imbalance (thyroid surgery/tumors)
79
what is hypercalcemia
-excessive calcium levels -rare
80
what are the effects of hypercalcemia
-can cause under-excitability of nervous and muscular systems -results in muscle weakness, reduced neural reflexes, non-repsonsiveness
81
what is osteomalasia
inadequate levels of vitamin D resulting in abnormal softeness of bones in adults
82
what is osteogenesis imperfecta
-occurs when collegan levels are too low or collagen was abnormally formed -bones break easily
83
what is the relationship between the zone of reverse cartilage and the epiphyseal plate
-occurs in zone of reverse cartilage -continues as long as chondrocytes at the plate divides
84
what is achondroplastic dwarfism
-cartilage at epiphyseal plates fails to grow -effects endochondral ossification -long bones stop growing in childhood especially in the limbs
85
what is estrogen's function in bone building
promotes bone building by stimulating osteoblasts and inhibiting osteoclasts
86
how does estrogen relate to bone density
-maintains it in both sexes
87
what is osteoporosis
-severe loss of bone density and mass
88
how does osteoporosis affect the body
-affects spongy bone -bones become weak due to loss of matrix and minerals
89
what causes osteoporosis
-caused by anything that decreases bone mass -chemotherapy, smoking, diabetes mellitus
90
what is the highest risk factor for osteoporosis
-lower estrogen levels because it reduces osteoblasts while increasing osteoclasts
91
what is a pathological fracture
-break in a bone weakened by diseases
92
what causes pathological fractures
-bone cancer and osteoporosis -stress that would not break healthy bone
93
what are stress fractures
break from abnormal trauma to the bone
94
what causes stress fractures
breaks from falls, athletics, military combat
95
what are the types of closed reduction fractures
greenstick and nondisplaced
96
what is a greenstick closed reduction fracture
bone is incompletely broken on one side and only bent on the other
97
what is nondisplaced closed reduction fractures
bones remain in correct anatomical alignment but need to be realigned (set) and stabilize
98
what are the fractures classified by structural characteristics
displaced and comminuted
99
what is a displaced fracture
at least one piece is misaligned which is likely to require pins or screws
100
what is comminuted fracture
bone is broken into three or more pieces which is likely to require pins or screw/open reduction
101
what occurs in the healing of stress fractures
hematoma formation then soft callus formation then hard callus formation then bone remodeling
102
what occurs in hematoma formation of a stress fracture
hematoma is concerted to granulation tissue by invasion of cells and blood capillaries
103
what occurs in soft callus formation of a stress fracture
granulation tissue is replaced as chondrocytes make a soft, fibrocartilage callus. this will help to join and stabilize the broken pieces of bone
104
what occurs in hard callus formation of a stress fracture
osteoblasts deposit a temporary bony collar around the fracture to better unite and stabilize the broken pieces
105
what occurs in bone remodeling of a stress fracture
osteoclasts remove small bone fragments and osteoblasts deposit spongy and compact bone to restore the bone structure

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