chapter 7 memory

Question 1

what is amnesia?

Answer 1

the loss of memory or memory abilities caused by brain damage or disease

Question 2

what is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 2

loss of memory for events before brain injury
- but there is something called gradient across time, this means that. memories that are more distant in time from brain damage are less impaired by the amnesia

Question 3

what. is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 3

disruption of memory for events occurring after brain injury
- affects it right away once you read something you forget

Question 4

what is sensory memory?

Answer 4

lasts for a very short time less than a second

Question 5

what is short term memory?

Answer 5

retains information temporarily for about a minute

Question 6

what is long term memroy?

Answer 6

stores information for a lifetime

Question 7

what is explicit memory?

Answer 7

memories you are aware of, which can be declared or explained

Question 8

what is episodic memory?

Answer 8

memory of specific events and experiences

Question 9

what is semantic memory?

Answer 9

memory of facts and concepts

Question 10

what is implicit memory?

Answer 10

unconscious

• memories that influence behaviour without conscious awareness

Question 11

what. is procedural memory?

Answer 11

skills and tasks like riding a bike

Question 12

During anterograde amnesia what memory is impaired?

Answer 12

semantic memory

Question 13

what is perceptual priming? also called repetition priming this is a form of implicit memory

Answer 13

exposure to a stimulus will facilitate a future response (more quickly or more accurately) to the same stimulus

example: if you see the word “apple” you are more likely to recognize it faster when you see it again, even if it shown very quick or in fragments (eg A_ _ L E)

Question 14

what is conceptual priming or also known as semantic priming? this is a form of implicit memory

Answer 14

exposure to a stimulus will facilitate a future response to a new stimulus closely related to it

example if you are shown the word DOCTOR you will respond to the word NURSE quickly as they are semantically related

Question 15

What did the Warrington and Wieskrantz study reveal about explicit memory in amnesic patients?

Answer 15

explicit memory: amnesic patients performed worse than healthy individuals on free recall and recognition tasks

implicit memory: amnesic patients performed equally well as healthy individuals on the word fragment completion task, showing they retained implicit memory

conclusion: amnesic patients lacked explicit memory for the words but retained implicit memory of them

Question 16

why do people forget?

Answer 16

interference

• people forget information because of competition from other material like meeting multiple people at a party

Question 17

what is proactive interference?

Answer 17

its when you try to remember something from time 2 but end up recalling time 1 instead

Question 18

what is retroactive interference?

Answer 18

when you attempt to recall information from time 1 but recall time 2 instead

Question 19

what is the serial position effect?

Answer 19

high recall: The recency effect is when you can remember the last few words of a list because it is still is short-term memory

intermediate recall: primacy effect, is remembering items at the beginning of the list because you see them more, and they are in long-term memory

low recall: middle items

• words in the middle of the list are more complex to remember because they are disrupted by proactive interference and retroactive interference

Question 20

how do we remember?

Answer 20

using cues to aid retrieval
context-dependent memory (encoding specificity)
reinstating the context of an event

(Everyday example:
* You visit a place in which you grew up (or a place where you used to live) and
recall many events that you have never thought of in years.
* A case of recovered memory
* JR reported that following viewing a movie involving sexual abuse, he
suddenly remembered incidents of being molested by a priest on camping
trips when he was an adolescent.)

Question 21

what is the misinformation effect?

Answer 21

The misinformation effect occurs when a person’s memory of an event is altered by misleading information presented after the event has occurred.
This can lead individuals to recall details incorrectly or remember events that never actually happened.

Question 22

what is sensory memroy?

Answer 22

it is the very brief and initial stage of memory that holds information from the environment through the five senses, for a very short time, typically less than a second.
- usually 0.3 for visual information
- 2 sec for auditory info

• has a large capacity but information is lost unless you focus on it

Question 23

What is short term memory?

Answer 23

stores sounds, images and words
- stores information for about 20-30 seconds
- average people can hold 7 items in short term memory
- information is kept here through rehearsal or repeating in head if not it is forgotten

Question 24

what is another name for sensory memory?

Answer 24

• iconic memory
• afterimage

Question 25

what is another name for short-term memory?

Answer 25

working memory

Question 26

what is long term memory?

Answer 26

stores information for an infinite period with unlimited capacity - information is transferred here from working memory through encoding and storage - you can retrieve information from long term memory but some may be forgotten due to decay or retrieval failure

Question 27

what is free recall?

Answer 27

subjects are free to recall a list of items in any order - subjects have good memory for both the beginning and the end of the list this is called serial position effect

Question 28

what is serial recall?

Answer 28

subjects are to recall the list of items in their original order of presentation - subjects have a good memory for the beginning of the list, performance is poorer toward the end of the list

Question 29

Question 30

what is a recall test?

Answer 30

requires participants to reproduce information on their own without any cues

Question 31

what is a recognition test?

Answer 31

requires participants to select previously learned information from an array of options

Question 32

what is shallow processing?

Answer 32

structural encoding focuses on appearance or structure example: " is the word written in capital letters?"

Question 33

what is intermediate processing?

Answer 33

phonemic encoding focuses on sounds example " does the word rhyme with weight?"

Question 34

what is deep processing

Answer 34

semantic encoding focuses on meaning example " would the word fit in the sentence: he met ____ on the street?"

Question 35

what is chunking

Answer 35

Chunking is a memory strategy where you group information into smaller, meaningful units to make it easier to remember. It helps overcome the limited capacity of short-term memory

Question 36

what is memory consolidation?

Answer 36

is the process where information moves from short-term memory to long term memory by strengthening connections in the brain 0 information remains unchanged in storage

Question 37

what is a schema?

Answer 37

is a organized cluster about an object, event or siutation from past experiences example office - inlcudes comuter, books, pens