chapter 8 Flashcards
(26 cards)
what is analogical representation?
A type of mental representation that works by depicting the relationships between objects and ideas through similarities, like a map representing a real-world area.
what is symbolic representation
Mental representation using symbols like words or images that do not resemble the objects or concepts they represent.
what is problem solving?
the cognitive process of finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal
what is decision making?
a cognitive process that results in selecting a course of action or belief from several options
What is the key difference in problem representation between experts and novices?
Experts tend to represent problems by deep structures (underlying principles), while novices focus on surface structures (literal components or objects).
What is deductive reasoning?
A type of reasoning that starts with premises assumed to be true and then draws a conclusion based on those premises.
two types of deductive reasoning
syllogism
conditional reasoning
In syllogisms, what does a valid conclusion mean?
A conclusion is valid if it logically follows from the premises, even if the premises are empirically false.
What is conditional reasoning?
A logical reasoning process involving “if-then” statements, where conclusions are drawn based on whether a condition is true or false.
Empirical truth means
true by science or factually
what is a invalid syllogism?
An invalid syllogism is one that the first two premises are true
(or assumed to be true), but the conclusion is false (or is not
always true).
* The following syllogism is invalid, why?
All A are B
Some B are C.
Therefore, some A are C.
what is modus tollens?
form of deductive reasoning that involves the denial of the consequent
If P, then Q.
Q is not true (denial of the consequent).
Therefore, P is not true.
what is confirmation bias
People would
rather try to confirm or support a hypothesis than try to
disprove/falsify it.
What is the representativeness heuristic?
A cognitive shortcut where people judge the likelihood of an event based on how similar it is to a prototype or familiar event, often leading to biased conclusions.
what are the two errors relating to conditional reasoning?
form errors: people assume p=q then q=p wrong
search errors: tendency to search for information that supports a conclusion, meaning people tend to ignore the rules of logics when they are occupied with confirmation bias
what is dual-processing?
type 1 processing:
- fast and automatic
- requires little conscious attention
eg. stereotyping
type 2 processing:
- slow and controlled
-requires focused attention
- e.g think of exceptions to a general rule
deductive reasoning vs inductive reasoning?
Inductive Reasoning:
What it is: Using specific examples to make a general conclusion.
Example: If two math teachers at your school are awesome, you might think all math teachers at your school are awesome.
Deductive Reasoning:
What it is: Using a general rule to make a specific conclusion.
Example: Since all squares have four sides, and a square has four sides, you can conclude it’s a quadrilateral.
What is the availability heuristic?
The tendency to judge the likelihood of events based on how easily examples come to mind, which can be influenced by personal experience or media coverage.
What is anchoring bias?
The tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information encountered (the “anchor”) when making decisions.
Representativeness heuristic vs Availability heuristic
Representativeness heuristic:You judge based on how similar something is to what you already know.
Availability heuristic: You judge based on how easily examples come to mind.
What is the framing effect?
The influence of how information is presented on decision making, where people are affected by whether options are framed positively or negatively.
how is intelligence typically measured?
Through IQ tests, which are designed to predict academic success and measure abilities like abstract reasoning and verbal fluency.
What is emotional intelligence?
The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions effectively in oneself and others.
What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?
Inductive reasoning involves making generalizations based on observations, while deductive reasoning involves drawing conclusions from general principles or premises.
what is the binet-simon scale?
Introduces the concept of mental age
