Chapter 7: Memory Flashcards
(20 cards)
How is memory likened to an information-processing system?
It encodes, stores, and received information.
What is sensory memory? How did Sperling assess the duration of iconic memory?
Iconic memory is super brief of an image; 1 second. Sensory memory is a brief memory from audio and visual s sensors, lasts 1 - 4 seconds.
Describe the limitations of short-term memory, and how they can be overcome.
Maximum of 30 seconds. Visual + acousting, but mostly acoustic.
Why do researchers refer to short-term memory as “working memory?”
You use it in mental arithmetic, remembering directions to write them down, etc “work related things”
Identify three components of working memory.
phonological loop (speech based), visuospatial sketchpad (picture something in your head), episodic buffer (workspace of working memory, works out visuo + audio at same time), central execute (master control unit, brings in long term, coordinates working memory)
What is the serial position effect? Under what conditions do primacy and recency occur?
Serial position effect is the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst.
recency is remembering the last items, primacy means remember the first items.
Explain the concept of “depth of processing.”
you memorize things you spend more time on; depth of the mental process
According to the three-component model, why do primacy and recency occur?
primacy happens because it gets put into long term.
recency is more short term.
How effectively do maintenance and elaborative rehearsal process information into long-term memory?
maintenance is useful for short term, not long term. ie, repeating something over and over again.
elaborative rehearsal process information by linking it to other pieces of information. (making the information meaningful)
Why do hierarchies, chunking, mnemonic devices, and imagery enhance memory?
because they link it to something more meaningful.
What is a schema? Explain how schemas influence encoding.
an organized pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them.
In what sense are schemas and expert knowledge related?
experts’ schemas contain more procedural knowledge which aid in determining which principle to apply, and novices’ schemas contain mostly declarative knowledge which do not aid in determining methods for solution
Explain the concepts of associative networks and priming.
you can recognize similar things faster, things that are associated. NURSE and DOCTOR are remember more than if it was NURSE and BREAD.
Use the concepts of declarative versus procedural memory, and explicit versus implicit memory, to explain the pattern of H. M.’s amnesia.
declarative: facts, verbal knowledge. (long term)
procedural: how to do things, ie. riding a bike. don’t make a conscious effort. (long term)
explicit: trying to remember it
implicit: no effort in remembering, ie. hearing a song you know
HM’s amnesia: showed short term and long term memories are distinct.
Describe some ways to measure explicit and implicit memory.
explicit: recall method: jeopardy, essay tests, (tests recall) vs recognition tests: identify remember information (multiple choice, true false)
implicit: priming method: read or listen to something, respond to different tasks and see if it helped. re-learning (saving) method: relearn information you learned earlier, if it took less time then you must’ve remembered some of it earlier.
Why does having multiple, self-generated retrieval cues enhance recall?
A retrieval cue is a clue or prompt that is used to trigger the retrieval of long-term memory.
recall, recollection, recognition, relearning
Do flashbulb memories always provide an accurate picture? Describe some evidence.
very vivid memories. not that accurate, just very vivid, so you feel its more accurate.
Explain how context-dependent and state-dependent memory illustrate the encoding specificity principle.
context-dependent: context at encoding/retrieval memory is the same / same environment. forget your keys? retrace your steps, and you might remember.
state-dependent: you remember things when you were in the state of when you first had the memory. (drugs, relaxed, stressed-out)
encoding specificity: memory is most effective when information available at encoding is also present at retrieval.
Describe Ebbinghaus’ “forgetting curve” and factors that contributed to his rapid, substantial forgetting.
mnemonics + spaced repetition is the best way to remember things.
he thought stress + lack of sleep make you forget.
Identify encoding, storage, retrieval, and motivational processes that have been hypothesized to contribute to forgetting.
motivated forgetting is repression, you want to forget something.
