Chapter 7- Memory Flashcards
the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
memory
the process of getting information into the memory system
encoding
the process of retaining encoded information over time
storage
the process of getting information out of memory storage
retrieval
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
sensory memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly (such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing) before the information is stored or forgotten
short-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
long-term memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that stresses conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual- spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.
working memory
memory of facts and personal events you can consciously retrieve. (also called declarative memory)
explicit memory
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
effortful processing
retaining learned skills, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness (also called nondeclarative memory)
implicit memory
unconscious encoding of everyday information, such as a space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
automatic processing
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
chunking
memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
mnemonics
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
spacing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. also sometimes referred to as the retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning
testing effect
a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
hippocampus
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
flashbulb memory
an increase in a synapse’s firing potential. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
long-term potentiation (LTP)
memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
recall
memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned, as on a multiply-choice test
recognition
memory demonstrated by time saved when learning material a second time
relearning
any stimulus (event, feeling, place, and so on) linked to a specific memory
retrieval cue
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
priming
