Chapter 7 (Moderators of the Stress Experience)

Question 1

Coping

Answer 1

• thoughts and behaviors used to manage the
  internal and external demands of
  situations that are appraised as stressful

Question 2

Characteristics of coping

Answer 2

• relationship between coping and a stressful
  event is a dynamic process
• breadth:
  – the great many actions and reactions to stressful circumstances emotional reactions including anger or depression which are part of the coping process

Question 3

negative affectivity / neuroticism

Answer 3

• a pervasive negative mood marked by anxiety, depression and hostility; related to poor health
• high negative affectivity produces more vulnerability to illness
• negativity can cause a false impression of poor health

Question 4

Coping resources

Answer 4

positive emotional states associated with good physical and mental health

Question 5

Optimism

Answer 5

leads to better coping skills and reduces risk of illnesses

Question 6

Psychological Control

Answer 6

the beliefs that one can determine their own behavior, influence their own environment, and have desired outcomes
*Uses in interventions to promote good health

Question 7

Control-enhancing interventions (during medical procedures)

Answer 7

information, relaxation, cognitive-behavioral techniques are helpful in helping people overcomes adverse effects on a variety of medial procedures

Question 8

Additional Coping resources

Answer 8

• high self-esteem
• interventions to enhance a sense of self
• self-confidence
• sense of coherence about one’s life
• conscientiousness

Question 9

Coping styles

Answer 9

a general way to deal with stress in a particular way (generates from genes and personal experience)

Question 10

Approach vs. Avoidance

Answer 10

level of success depends on length of stressor

Question 11

Coping styles

Answer 11

Problem-focused coping

Emotional-focused coping

Question 12

Problem-focused

Answer 12

doing something constructive about stressful conditions that are harming, threatening, or challenging an individual

Question 13

Emotional focused coping

Answer 13

regulating experienced because of the stressful-event

Question 14

Specific coping strategies

Answer 14

personal coping important when dealing with stressful events
shift coping meet the demands of a situations then to cope better with stress than those who don’t

Question 15

Sources of Resilience

Answer 15

positive life events, positive emotions, opportunities for res, relaxation, and renewal, individual differences.

Question 16

Way of measuring coping outcomes

Answer 16

-measures of physiological and biochemical
functioning
-whether and how quickly people can return to their pre-stress activities
-effectiveness in reducing psychological
distress

Question 17

Social Support

Answer 17

knowing that one is loves and cared for, esteemed/valued a and part of a network of communication and mutual obligations

Question 18

Different forms of Social Support

Answer 18

• tangible assistance
• informational support
• emotional support
• invisible support

Question 19

Effects of social support on psychological distress

Answer 19

SOCIAL SUPPORT effectively reduces psychological distress (such as depression and anxiety)

Question 20

Effects of social support on physiological & neuroendocrine responses to stress

Answer 20

-biological responses to stress more subdued when SUPPORTIVE COMPANION is present
EX: presence of pet an lead to faster physiological recovery

Question 21

Effects of social support on illness and health habits

Answer 21

• lowers the likelihood of illness
• speeds recovery
• reduces the risk of mortality

Question 22

Biopsychosoical pathways

Answer 22

• social support reduces responses to stress

- social support affects endocrine Fx in response to stress

Question 23

Genetic bases of social support

Answer 23

the ability to interpret social support or the ability to pick supportive networks

Question 24

Moderation of stress by social support

Answer 24

• Direct effects hypothesis
• Buffering Hypothesis
• Extracting support

Question 25

Direct effects hypothesis

Answer 25

social support is generally beneficial during non-stressful and highly stressful times

Question 26

Buffering hypothesis

Answer 26

the health and mental benefits of social support are mainly evident during high stress periods; little stress may have few health benefits.

Question 27

Extracting support

Answer 27

effectiveness of social support depends on how and and individual uses a social support network

Question 28

Most effective means of support

Answer 28

spouse, partner or close friend one is a magic number overly intrusie social contacts worsens stress

Question 29

Matching hypothesis

Answer 29

a match between one's need and what one receives from others in one's social network

Question 30

Effects of stress on support providers

Answer 30

family and friends adversely affected by the stressful event are less able to provide social support

Question 31

Enhancing social support

Answer 31

increasing social support for people should be a high research priority for psychologists

Question 32

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR):

Answer 32

systematic training in meditation to enable people to self-regulate their reactions to stress and the negative emotions that ay result in "disclosure and coping"

Question 33

disclosure and coping

Answer 33

-confiding in others : may reduce the physiological activity associated with the event - written exercises: designed to encourage emotional expression

Question 34

Relaxation training and stress management

Answer 34

relaxation training therapies are valuable for physical and mental health

Question 35

Supplementary stress management skills

Answer 35

- time management and planning - good health habits and social skills - assertiveness training - social support - practicing stress management techniques and monitoring their effectiveness in daily situations