chapter 7 mult choice Flashcards
1
Q
Memory is
A
a system that allows people to retain information over time.
2
Q
A system that allows people to retain information over time is called
A
memory.
3
Q
Memory is classically defined as
A
the ability retain information over time
4
Q
What is the system(s) or process(es) by which the products or results of learning are stored for future use?
A
memory
5
Q
The step in the memory process that actually makes our memories available to us is
A
retrieval.
6
Q
encoding is
A
representing information
7
Q
The process of getting information out of memory is known as
A
retrieval
8
Q
sensory memory holds info for _______
A
holds information for about 5 seconds.
9
Q
Unprocessed stimulation from the environment is first held in
A
sensory memory
10
Q
How long do the contents of the sensory store normally last?
A
about 5 seconds
11
Q
You looked up a friend’s address for a letter you wrote. Suddenly the phone rings—wrong number. Even though you were interrupted for only a few seconds, you’ve forgotten the address. Which memory system failed you?
A
short term memory
12
Q
The hippocampus is instrumental in
A
transferring information from short-term to long-term memory.
13
Q
The working memory is known as the _____________ memory.
A
. short-term
14
Q
Many years ago, telephone numbers had only four or five digits. Even now, no more than seven digits are used for phone numbers. The most reasonable psychological explanation for this is that ________________.
A
there is an inverse relationship between the number of items in short-term memory and their retention
15
Q
Information in short-term memory is retained ________.
A
as long as it is rehearsed
16
Q
The capacity of short term memory is _______ items.
A
7 +/- 2
17
Q
What is the capacity of short-term memory?
A
seven, plus or minus two chunks
18
Q
What is the capacity of short-term memory?
A
7 chunks of information
19
Q
Most normal adults have a memory span of
A
between 5 and 9 items
20
Q
The short-term memory capacity (digit-span) in a normal adult is about
A
7 or 8 item
21
Q
The average memory span consists of _______ items.
A
7
22
Q
Information is grouped for storage in short-term memory through the process of __________.
A
chunking
23
Q
Chunking is a means of _______________.
A
organizing information into meaningful units
24
Q
Most people cannot store the following list of letters in short-term memory:
I T I S N O T R A I N I N G
However, if the letters are grouped meaningfully into words, they fit short-term’s memory span: It is not raining. This illustrates _________.
A
chunking
25
Chunking aids
retention
26
Which type of memory is concerned with remembering the day your parents bought you a car?
episodic memory
27
The Canadian Psychology Group has invited teams from all the universities across Canada to compete in a Psych Bowl. The teams will answer questions such as ”Who founded the first psychology laboratory?” Where is this information stored?
long-term memory
28
The type of memory that is most like an encyclopedia or a dictionary is __________.
semantic memory
29
The portion of long-term memory that stores specific information that has personal meaning is called __________ memory.
episodic
30
Your street address, telephone number, and social insurance number are stored in
long term memory
31
Steve was recalling his first day in university, including walking into the wrong class, dropping his books as he left, and the long line at the registrar's office he encountered when he had to switch classes. These memories are examples of
episodic memory
32
The hippocampus seems to be essential for __________.
the formation of new long-term memories
33
An individual's semantic memory contains
background knowledge about words, symbols, concepts, and rules arranged as hierarchies of information in categories and subordinate categories
34
Connie lost her keys. She searches her memory for when she last had them, and goes to that place in the hope that it will help her remember where she misplaced them. Connie is ________ activating her _________.
consciously; episodic memory
35
Your memories of personal information such as what you wore to work yesterday or what you ate for breakfast this morning are stored in _______________.
episodic memory
36
Scott remembers all of the details of his wedding seven years ago. This information is most likely stored in _______ memory.
episosic
37
semantic memory is organized ________
heirarchically
38
Which of the following is an example of semantic memory?
events
b. concepts
c. time
d. place
concepts
39
Which of the following is an example of episodic memory?
a. words
b. concepts
c. symbols
d. events
events
40
Which of the following is NOT an example of long-term memory?
a. identifying a perfume as that worn by your grandmother 20 years ago
b. repeating an address after it was told to you
c. repeating a poem learned in nursery school
d. remembering how to ride a bike
. repeating an address after it was told to you
41
The concept of a house would be stored in _______.
long term memory
42
Our memories of general knowledge items such as the meanings of words or the dates of famous historical events are stored in _______.
semantic memory
43
When Rip Van Winkle returns to his native village, after 20 years of sleeping in the mountains, he goes immediately to the location of his former house and asks for his wife and children by name. The kind of memory that he is exhibiting is _______.
episodic memory
44
On a TV game show, Jeannette is asked to name the provincial capital of Ontario. This information is most likely stored in ______.
semantic memory
45
Tim is studying for a test. After seven consecutive hours of studying, he finds he can remember what he just finished studying, but he can no longer remember what he studied five or six hours ago. Tim's memory problems are BEST explained by __________.
retroactive interference
46
Proactive interference of long-term memory means ___________ .
old material interferes with memory of new material
47
Retroactive interference of long-term memory means __________.
new material interferes with memory of old material
48
Old information inhibits one's ability to remember newer information” defines _________.
proactive interference
49
What kind of forgetting does the following incident illustrate? Ruth studied the names of learning theorists for her psychology class, after which she began studying the names of political theorists for her political science class. Much to her frustration, she found the names of the learning theorists were keeping her from being able to learn the names of the political theorists.
. proactive interference
50
Kerry's grandparents moved to a new neighborhood last year. Today, Kerry can easily remember their address but messes up their old one. This illustrates
retroactive interference
51
Little Tammy is talking to her grandfather. She loves to listen to him tell stories about when he was a child. He has very vivid recollections of his youth and enjoys telling people about his fond memories. Unfortunately, grandpa has a difficult time remembering what happened within the last few days or weeks. If there are no physiological problems, grandpa's memory problems are best explained by ______.
proactive interference
52
Your tutor has ”one last word&” for you before she ends today's session. She tells you to study material in the middle of your study session a little harder. What concept from memory research is the basis of her advice?
serial position effect
53
The theory that states that we forget information because other information gets in the way is the _______ theory.
interference
54
retrieval cues _____
are important in helping us remember items stored in long-term memory
55
Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called __________.
flashbulb memories
56
Flashbulb memories _______.
concern events that are highly significant
57
Flashbulb memories ______________.
a. are not subject to periodic revision
b. usually concern events that are emotionally charged
c. are almost always highly accurate
d. usually concern events from early childhood
usually concern events that are emotionally charged
58
Flashbulb memories are
a. eidetic memories.
b. clear and vivid memories of where one was and what one was doing when a special event occurred.
c. photographic memories.
d. visual images that are extremely difficult to describe.
lear and vivid memories of where one was and what one was doing when a special event occurred.
59
What are the components of the information processing model in order?
encoding, storage, retrieval
60
If you want to remember something for a couple of minutes, the MOST effective device is __________.
rote rehearal
61
Hermann Ebbinghaus found that memory is best immediately after we learn information, and we gradually forget more as time passes. What name is given to this observation?
curve of forgetting
62
Last week, Lisa took an abnormal psychology test and did not miss a question. However, when a guest speaker came to class a week later to talk about schizophrenia, she had trouble remembering some of the relevant class material. She remembered even less about the topic when she saw a news report on schizophrenia a month later. What memory phenomenon explains what Lisa is experiencing?
cforgetting curve
63
Long-term memory is sometimes unreliable because of _______ of information.
reconstruction
64
Which of the following is NOT true of schemas?
They are a part of short-term memory.
b. They can influence the amount of attention you pay to a given event.
c. They help people retrieve information from memory.
d. They help determine what you will recall.
They are a part of short-term memory.
65
Which scenario would likely be the most difficult to remember?
a. a study group meeting with a classmate
b. a car accident that was witnessed on the way to school
c. the image of a penny
ordering dinner at a new restaurant
c. the image of a penny
| Correct: People do not encode irrelevant information. People tend to remember emotional events and novel events best.
66
What is the approximate duration of an iconic memory?
half a second
67
When Dana asked Rachel what she had for dinner last night, Rachel said that she couldn’t remember because her short-term memory was poor. How should Dana respond to Rachel?
The duration of your short-term memory is really only about 20 seconds, so it’s not likely the problem.”
68
If the capacity of short-term memory is so limited, how is it that individuals are able to remember as much information as they do?
Processes such as chunking and rehearsal expand the capacity of short-term memory.
Correct: Statement of fact.
69
Which individual studying for a test will most likely be able to remember the information accurately?
a. Dan is reciting definitions repeatedly to himself from cue cards.
b. Nancy is trying to link the concepts to examples in her own life.
Correct: By adding self reference to a memory, you improve memory for that item.
c. Karen is looking at the concepts in her textbook and trying to recall how they look.
d. Matt is focusing on how the concepts sound to him and trying to make them rhyme.
Nancy is trying to link the concepts to examples in her own life.
70
The primacy effect is to _____________ as the recency effect is to _____________.
long-term memory; short-term memory
71
Which type of memory allows individuals to perform tasks automatically, such as driving, typing, or riding a bike?
non-declarative memory
| Correct: Non-declarative memory is “memory without awareness,” including the completion of automatic tasks.
72
Non-declarative memory is to ______________ as declarative memory is to _______________.
priming; semantic memory
Correct: Non-declarative memories can be studied by looking at priming experiments; declarative memory can be looked at by examining semantic memory experiments.
73
Godden and Baddeley conducted a classic study on learning and memory in scuba divers. What were the results of the study?
a. Scuba divers who learned words underwater remembered them best when tested underwater.
Correct: This result showed the importance of context on memory retrieval.
74
Chess grandmasters can recall the exact positions of most pieces on the board after a brief glance. This ability is best explained by which concept?
chunking
Correct: Chunking involves organizing a large number of small units into a smaller number of meaningful units, which are easier to remember.
75
Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates which concept?
proactive interference
| Correct: Proactive interference occurs when the first learned item prevents new information from being learned
76
Many people retain their classically conditioned fears without any conscious recollection of how or when those fears were learned. This fact best illustrates______________memory.
implicit
| Correct: Implicit memory is memory without awareness.
77
After studying biology all afternoon, Abba is having difficulty remembering details of the chemistry lecture he heard that morning. Abba's difficulty best illustrates
retroactive interference.
Correct: Retroactive interference occurs when recently learned information affects recall of earlier learned information.
