Chapter 7 Outline Flashcards
0
Q
Endocrine sytem is ____ acting
A
Slow
1
Q
The human has two coordinating and integrating systems
A
- Endocrine
2. Nervous
2
Q
Endocrine system has _____ ____ effects
A
Long lasting
3
Q
Endocrine system actions are accomplished by what?
A
Secretion of hormones
4
Q
Nervous system is ___ acting
A
Rapid
5
Q
Nervous system has ___ ___ effects
A
Short lasting
6
Q
Nervous system actions are accomplished by what?
A
Transmission of nerve impulses
7
Q
Nerve cells are ____
A
Neurons
8
Q
Nerve cells are neurons with these characteristics
A
- Cell body
- Axon
- Dendrites
9
Q
Pathway is what?
A
Chain of communicating neurons
10
Q
Three types of pathways are
A
- Sensory
- Motor
- Interneurons
11
Q
The nervous system has two major subdivisions
A
- Central nervous system
2. Peripheral nervous system
12
Q
___ is located at the cranium
A
Brain
13
Q
___ is located in the vertebral foramen
A
Spinal cord
14
Q
Central nervous system is composed of what 4 parts
A
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Brain stem
- Spinal cord
15
Q
CNS consists of what?
A
- Gray matter
2. White matter
16
Q
CNS is divided into what?
A
- Right half
- Left half
- Hemispheres in the brain
17
Q
____ is outer part of cerebrum
A
Cerebral cortex
18
Q
Peripheral nervous system has ____ and ___
A
- Nerves
2. Ganglia
19
Q
Cranial nerves are attached to the ___
A
Brain
20
Q
Cranial nerves consist of ___ pairs
A
12
21
Q
Most CN innervate the ___ and ___
A
- Head
2. Neck
22
Q
Cranial #10 innervates the ___ and ___ ____
A
- Thoracic
2. Abdominal viscera
23
Q
Spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord by two points of attachment called the what
A
- Dorsal root
2. Ventral root
24
31 pairs of spinal nerves exist including:
1. Cervical, 8 pairs
2. Thoracic, 12 pairs
3. Lumbar, 5 pairs
4. Sacral, 5 pairs
5. Coccygeal, 1 pair
25
Ganglia consist of
1. Celiac
2. Superior mesenteric
3. Inferior mesenteric
4. Dorsal root ganglion
26
ectoderm differentiates into __ ___
Neural ectoderm
27
Neural ectoderm becomes a ____ ____ and ____ ____
1. Neural plate
| 2. Neural crest
28
The neural plate becomes in order
1. Neural groove with neural folds
| 2. Neural tube
29
The neural crest becomes ___ ____ of PNS
Sensory neurons
30
The neural tube becomes
1. Motor neurons of PNS
2. Supporting cells called glia
3. CNS
31
Anterior neural tube forms 3 enlargements
1. Prosencephalon
2. Mesencephalon
3. Rhombencephalon
32
Prosencephalon divides into two parts
1. Telencephalon
| 2. Diencephalon
33
Telencephalon becomes ____ ___
Adult cerebrum
34
Diencephalon becomes
1. Adult thalamus
| 2. Adult hypothalamus
35
Mesencephalon becomes
Adult midbrain
36
Rhombencephalon subdivides into two parts
1. Metencephalon
| 2. Myelencephalon
37
Metencephalon becomes
1. Adult cerebellum
| 2. Adult pons
38
Myelencephalon becomes
Adult medulla oblongata
39
Neural tube closes
1. In middle first
| 2. At ends last
40
Cerebrum
All conscious functions
41
Thalamus
Sensory relay to cerebrum
42
Hypothalamus
Visceral sensations
43
Midbrain
Sensory and motor relay
44
Cerebellum
Coordinates voluntary muscles
45
Pons
Joins two halves of cerebellum
46
Medulla
Visceral functions
47
The three functional elements of the nervous system are
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Centers in the CNS which process information
48
Two types of PNS glia are
1. Schwann cells
| 2. Satellite cells
49
Schwann cells form
Myelin sheath
50
The gap between Schwann cells is a node of ___
Ranvier
51
Satellite cells are located
Around cell bodies
52
5 types of CNS glia are
1. Astrocytes
2. Oligodendrocytes
3. Micro glia
4. Ependymal cells
53
Astrocytes are
Large star shaped
54
Astrocytes provide
Most of the support
55
Astrocytes form
Blood-brain barrier
56
Oligodendrocytes form
Myelin sheath
57
Micro glia are ____ and a type of ___
1. Phagocytic
| 2. Macrophage
58
Ependymal cells line ___ and ___
1. Ventricles
| 2. Passageways
59
Ependymal cells form ___ ___ where contact blood vessels that secrete cerebrospinal fluid
Choroid plexuses
60
____ transport materials through micro tubules composed of proteins
Axons
61
Damaged axons may ___
Regenerate
62
The ___ is the junction between neurons
Synapse
63
___ ____ have many cell processes
Multipolar neurons
64
___ __ have two cell processes
Bipolar neurons
65
___ ____ have one cell process
Unipolar neurons
66
Neuron functional parts are
1. Generator
| 2. Conductor
67
Generator region includes ___ and ___ ___
1. Dendrites
| 2. Cell bodies
68
Generator regions ___ and ___ nerve impulses
1. Receive
| 2. Generate
69
Conductor regions
Axons, conduct nerve impulses
70
Neurons are grouped for
Protection
71
___ and ___ occur in bunches
1. Dendrites
| 2. Cell bodies
72
In the CNS these bunches are called
1. Gray matter
2. Ganglia
3. Nuclei
4. Centers
73
In the PNS these bunches are
Ganglia
74
Axons occur in
Bundles
75
In the CNS these bundles are called
1. White matter
2. Tracts
- fasciculi
- peduncles
- lemnisci
76
In the PNS these bundles are called
Nerves
77
Synapse located in
1. Gray matter
| 2. Ganglia
78
___ and ___ are processing centers
1. Gray matter
| 2. Ganglia
79
___ and ___ are transmission lines
1. White matter
| 2. Nerves
80
Motor neurons are
Efferent
81
___ neurons are multipolar
Motor
82
___ neurons conduct from CNS to muscles and glands
Motor
83
Sensory neurons are
Afferent
84
___ neurons are mostly unipolar! some bipolar
Sensory
85
___ neurons conduct from senses to CNS
Sensory
86
Senses are classified by
Location
87
Special senses are located in specialized organs
1. Vision
2. Hearing
3. Taste
4. Smell
88
General senses are scattered around the body
1. Touch
2. Pressure
3. Temperature
4. Pain
89
Exoteroceptors are ____
External receptors
90
Interoceptors are ____
Internal receptors
91
Receptors are classified by
Stimuli
92
___ are stimulated by light
Photoreceptors
93
___ are stimulated by chemicals! they require ligand-gated receptors
Chemoreceptors
94
___ are stimulated by temperature
Thermoreceptors
95
___ are stimulated by contact! they require mechano-gated receptors
Mechanoreceptors
96
Neurons transmit info with ____ ____
Nerve impulses
97
Neuron membranes are ____ _____
Selectively permeable
98
A protein gradient is maintained by a _____ which is essentially ____ to proteins
Membrane; impermeable
99
___ gradient into the cell
Concentration
100
____ gradient out of the cell
Electrical
101
____ counteract each other
Gradients
102
Type of potassium gradient out of the cell
Concentration
103
Type of potassium gradient into the cell
Electrical
104
Type of sodium gradient into the cell
Concentration
105
Type of sodium gradient into the cell
Electrical
106
Sodium gradients work in ____ direction
Same
107
Potassium gradients work in ___ direction
Different
108
Chloride gradients work in ___ direction
Different
109
I stimulated cells including neurons exhibit a ___ ___
Resting potential
110
The inside of a cell at rest has slightly more __ charges than ____ charges
Negative; positive
111
The outside of a cell at rest has a slightly more ____ charge than ____ charge
Positive; negative
112
When stimulated cells including neurons generate a ___ ___
Graded potential
113
A cell can be stimulated with ____ stimuli which act on ligand gated membrane receptors
Chemical
114
A cell can be stimulated with ____ stimuli which act on voltage gated membrane receptors
Electrical
115
A cell can be stimulated with ____ stimuli which act on mechano-gated membrane receptors
Mechanical
116
A cell can be stimulated with ___ stimuli
Thermal
117
A stimulus causes the membrane ____ to change
Permeability
118
A ____ potential occurs at junction of the generator and conductor regions of neuron
Threshold
119
Excitatory stimuli ____ the chances of generating AP
Increase
120
Excitatory stimuli cause a ____ GP
Depolarizing
121
Inhibitory stimuli ____ the chances of generating AP
Decrease
122
Inhibitory cause a ____ GP
Hyper polarizing
123
___ are junctions between neurons to allow cell to cell communication
Synapses
124
Types of synapses are:
Axosmatic, axodendritic, dendrodendritic
125
Pre-synaptic neuron contains ____, ____ and _____
Vesicles; neurotransmitter; Ca++ channels
126
Post-synaptic neuron contains ____ ___ and ____
Generator region; receptors
127
In the synapse the ___ reaches tip of presynaptic axon
Impulse
128
In synapse the ___ moves into the axon
Ca++ ion
129
In synapse the ____ causes transmitter to release from vesicle
Ca++
130
In synapse ____ diffuses across gap
Transmitter
131
In synapse the ____ binds to receptor on postsynaptic neuron; binding is the stimulus
Transmitter
132
Antagonist ___ synaptic activity
Decreases
133
Antagonist ___ the action of a transmitter
Counteracts
134
Agonist___ synaptic activity
Increase
135
Agonist ___ the action of a transmitter
Enhances
136
Synaptic activity may be decreased by ____ Ca entrance
Blocking
137
Synaptic activity may be decreased by ____ transmitter release
Preventing
138
Synaptic activity may be decreased by ____ the receptor
Blocking
139
Synaptic activity may be decreased by ____ transmitter removal
Increasing
140
Synaptic activity may be increased by ____ transmitter removal
Preventing
141
Synaptic activity may be increased by ____ transmitter action by binding to receptors
Mimic
142
If excitatory the impulse frequency ____
Increases
143
If inhibitory the impulse frequency ___
Decreases
144
Major types of cholinergic synapses are ___ and ____
Muscarinic; nicotinic
145
Muscarinic found in ___ and ____ muscle
Smooth; cardiac
146
Muscarinic ___ opening of K+ channels
Delay
147
Muscarinic cause _____ contraction
Prolonged
148
Nicotinic found in ___ muscle cells
Skeleton
149
Nicotinic _____ Na+ channels faster
Open
150
Nicotinic cause ____ contraction
Fast
151
Muscarine is a ____ poison that mimics the Ach at Muscarinic synapses
Mushroom
152
Atropine is a ____ antagonist of Muscarinic synapses
Competitive
153
Norepinephrine function is ___ and ___
Excitatory; inhibitory
154
Epinephrine function is ___ and ____
Excitatory; inhibitory
155
Dopamine function is ____ and ____: sense of pleasure
Excitatory; inhibitory
156
GABA function is ____
Inhibitory
157
Glycine function is ____
Inhibitory
158
Smell involves ____ ___ in upper nasal cavity
Nasal epithelium
159
Smell detects thousands of different ____
Odors
160
Taste involves ____ ____ on the tongue
Taste buds
161
____ develops into a lens placode which becomes a lens
Ectoderm
162
____ becomes optic vesicles which form the optic cups that become the retina
Diencephalone
163
First order neurons ___ from the receptor to the CNS
Conduct
164
First order neurons ____ are located within nerves
Axons
165
First order neurons ___ ___ are located in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerves
Cell bodies
166
Second order neurons ___ up the CNS
Conduct
167
In second order neurons ___ are within the white matter of the CNS
Axons
168
In second order neurons the ___ ____ bodies located in the ____ matter of the SC or medulla
Cell bodies; gray
169
In second order neurons the ___ cross to opposite sides of the CNS
Axons
170
Third order neurons conduct from the ____ to the ____ ____
Thalamus; cerebral cortex
171
In third order neurons ____ are located in the ____ matter of the brain
Axons; white
172
In third order neurons the ____ ____ are located in the ____ matter of the thalamus
Cell bodies; gray
173
____ ____ _____ conduct from the brain into the SC
Upper motor neurons
174
White matter consists of ____ between units of gray matter
Tracts
175
____ tracts connect the same side of CNS
Association
176
____ tracts connect opposite sides of CNS
Commissural
177
____ tracts connect the cerebrum with lower parts of the CNS
Projection
178
White matter may be located in the ____ part of the lower CNS
Outer
179
White matter may be located in the ____ part of the upper CNS
Inner
180
If tracts contain only ____ neurons they are only sensory tracts
Sensory
181
If tracts contain only ____ neurons they are motor tracts
Motor
182
The gray matter does what?
Processes information in the CNS
183
Gray matter may be located in the ____ part of the lower CNS
Inner
184
Gray matter may be located in the ____ part of the upper CNS such as the cerebral cortex
Outer
185
____ frequency of impulses causes increased intensity of sensation
Increase
186
___ frequency of impulses causes decreased intensity of sensation
Decreased
187
Cranial nerves are attached to the ____
Brain
188
___ pairs of cranial nerves exist
12
189
Cranial nerves innervate ___ and ___
Head;neck
190
Cranial nerves may be ___,____or ___
Sensory;motor;both
191
Cell bodies of cranial nerves are the ___ of the neurons
Origin
192
Cranial cell bodies are located outside if they are____ ____
Sensory neurons
193
Cranial cell bodies are located inside CNS if they are____ ____
Motor neurons
194
The ___ is the outer voluntary tube
Somatic
195
The ___ is the inner involuntary tube
Visceral
196
The ___ system transmits impulses to the somatic and visceral subdivisions of the body
Motor
197
The ___ system transmits impulses from the somatic and visceral subdivisions of the body
Sensory
198
Two major synapses are
Cholinergic; adrenergic
199
The ANS is a ____ ____ subdivision
Visceral motor
200
ANS is a 2 neuron pathway between the ____ and ___ ____
CNS; target tissues
201
ANS has two subdivisions
PNS; SNS
202
PNS arises from the ___ and ____ regions
Cranial; sacral
203
SNS arises from the ___ and ____ regions
Thoracic; lumbar
204
Ganglia are located close to the ____ ____ in the PNS
Target organs
205
Ganglia are located close to the ____ in the SNS
CNS
206
The ____ functions in day to day activities
PNS
207
The ____ functions in stress
SNS
208
Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons are ___ ____
Nicotinic cholinergic
209
SNS is involved in coping with ___
Stress
210
SNS ___ heart rate
Increase
211
SNS ____ blood flow to skeletal muscles
Increase
212
SNS ___ activity of digestive system
Decrease
213
PNS involved in ____ and ___
Rest; relaxation
214
PNS _____ heart rate
Decrease
215
PNS ____ blood flow to skeletal muscles
Decrease
216
PNS ____ activity of digestive system
Increase
217
CNS requires ___ and _____
Support; protection
218
___ are three connective tissue coverings of CNS
Meninges
219
____ ____ outer layer of meninges
Dura mater
220
____ middle layer of meninges
Arachnoid
221
____ inner layer of meninges
Pia mater
222
The ___ ____ is flowing in and around the CNS
Cerebrospinal fluid
223
Spinal cord carries out ___ ____
Spinal reflexes
224
____ such as a muscle stretch reflex
Monosynaptic
225
___ such as a withdrawal reflex
Poly synaptic
226
The spinal cord transmits information within tracts to and from the ___
Brain
227
Left cerebral hemisphere tends to deal with ____ ___
Logical thought
228
Right cerebral hemisphere tends to deal with _____ _____ and ____
Spatial relationships; art
229
____ is between the frontal and parietal lobe
Central sulcus
230
____ ____ is between the frontal and temporal lobe
Lateral fissure
231
The _____ ____ area of the cerebral cortex functions as the first relay of somatic sensory information arriving in the cerebrum
Primary sensory
232
The primary sensory area receives input by way of the ___ ____ and ____ pathway
Posterior column; spinothalamic
233
The primary sensory area sends output to the ____ areas in the cerebral cortex
Association
234
The ____ ____ areas function as the final relay of somatic motor information leaving the cerebral cortex
Primary motor
235
The primary motor areas receive input from _____ areas
Association
236
Primary motor areas send output by way of the _____ system
Pyramidal
237
The ____ ____ area functions to coordinate somatic motor output
Pre motor
238
The pre motor area functions to coordinate the activity of the ____ ____ area
Primary motor
239
The pre motor area is involved in ____ movements of many muscles simultaneously
Complex
240
Pre motor area functions to ____ lower motor neurons
Inhibit
241
The pre motor area functions to ____ pyramidal tracts
Regulate
242
The pre motor area _____ is various and complex
Input
243
The pre motor area sends output by the ____ _____
Extrapyramidal system
244
Spastic paralysis is due to injury to the ____ motor neurons
Upper
245
Spastic paralysis voluntary movement is _____
Absent
246
In spastic paralysis reflexes are____
Present
247
Flaccid paralysis is due to injury to the _____ motor neurons
Lower
248
In flaccid paralysis voluntary movement is ____
Absent
249
In flaccid paralysis reflexes are ___
Absent
250
Damage to extra pyramidal pathways leads to ____ and ____ paralysis
Spastic;flaccid
251
The cerebral cortex includes these 3 special senses
Seeing, hearing, tasting(gustatory area)
252
The cerebral cortex includes these 3 sensory association areas
Somatic-determines shape and texture without looking
Visual- vision
Auditory-hearing
253
The ____ association area in the cerebral cortex functions in reasoning and personality
Frontal
