Chapter 7 | Principles of Pathophysiology

Question 1

Define:

mitochondria

Answer 1

powerhouse of the cell

Question 2

Define:

metabolism

Answer 2

the cellular function of converting nutrients into energy

Question 3

Define:

aerobic metabolism

(efficient or inefficient)

Answer 3

the cellular process in which oxygen is used to metabolize glucose

efficient (little waste)

Question 4

Define:

anaerobic metabolism

(efficient or inefficient)

Answer 4

the cellular process in which glucose is metabolized into energy without oxygen

inefficient (much waste)

Question 5

Define:

electrolytes

Answer 5

a substance that, when dissolved in water, separates into charged particles

Question 6

Define:

FiO₂

“fraction of inspired oxygen”

Answer 6

the concentration of oxygen in the air we breathe

Question 7

Define:

patent

(PAY-tent)

Answer 7

open and clear

free from obstruction

Question 8

Define:

tidal volume

Answer 8

the volume of air moved in one cycle of breathing

Question 9

Define:

minute volume

Answer 9

the amount of air breathed in and out in one minute

(tidal volume x respiratory rate = minute volume)

Question 10

Define:

dead air space

Answer 10

air that occupies the airway but that does not actually reach the area of gas exchange

Question 11

Explain:

how respirations are controlled

Answer 11

in the brain by the medulla oblongata

Question 12

Define:

plasma oncotic pressure

Answer 12

the pull exerted by large proteins in the plasma portion of blood that tends to pull water from the body into the bloodstream

Question 13

Define:

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 13

the pressure that tends to push water out of blood vessels

Question 14

Define:

stretch receptors

Answer 14

sensors in blood vessels that identify internal pressure

Question 15

Define:

loss of tone

(blood vessel dysfunction)

Answer 15

vessels lose ability to constrict and dilate

Question 16

Describe:

effect of loss of tone

(blood vessel dysfunction)

Answer 16

results in blood pressure drop

Question 17

Describe:

significance of excessive permeability

(blood vessel dysfunction)

Answer 17

capillaries become overly “leaky” (allows too much fluid to flow out of walls)

Question 18

Explain:

significance of SVR

(blood vessel dysfunction)

Answer 18

pressure too high inside vessels

major risk factor in stroke and heart disease

(SVR is systemic vascular resistance)

Question 19

Explain:

significance of loss of regulation

(blood vessel dysfunction)

Answer 19

stretch receptors stop working

lack of sympathetic response can cause shock

Question 20

Define:

stroke volume

Answer 20

the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction

Question 21

Define:

cardiac output

Answer 21

the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute

Question 22

List:

factors contributing to stroke volume

3 points

Answer 22

• preload: amount of blood returning to heart
• contractility: how hard heart squeezes
• afterload: pressure heart has to pump against to force blood out

Question 23

Explain:

formula for cardiac output

Answer 23

stroke volume * beats per minute = cardiac output

Question 24

Explain:

how a very high heart rate can lower cardiac output

Answer 24

fluttering pulse does not allow heart to maximize stroke volume

chambers dont fill, then not as much blood gets pumped (despite speed)

Question 25

# List: *causes* of **mechanical heart problems** | 3 points

Answer 25

* physical trauma * squeezing forces * cell death (heart attack)

Question 26

# Describe: electrical heart problem

Answer 26

damage to heart's ability to regulate rate

Question 27

# Fill in the blank: There must be a balance between **[BLANK]** and **[BLANK]** for cardiopulmonary system to work properly.

Answer 27

There must be a balance between **ventilation (V)** and **perfusion (Q)** for cardiopulmonary system to work properly.

Question 28

# Explain: *significance* of **hypovolemia**

Answer 28

**low blood volume** can hinder body’s ability to maintain **temperature**

Question 29

# Fill in the blank: When going into shock, the body attempts to **[BLANK]**.

Answer 29

When going into shock, the body attempts to **compensate**.

Question 30

# Define: compensatory mechanisms | (shock)

Answer 30

the body's attempt to counter a decrease in tissue perfusion

Question 31

# Fill in the blank: Decompensated shock occurs when **[BLANK]**.

Answer 31

Decompensated shock occurs when **compensatory measures fail**.

Question 32

# Fill in the blank: Irreversible shock occurs when **[BLANK]**. | (when *something* begins to *something*)

Answer 32

Irreversible shock occurs when **inadequately-perfused organ systems begin to die**.

Question 33

# Fill in the blank: The **[BLANK]** and **[BLANK]** regulate thirst and elimination of excess fluid.

Answer 33

The **brain** and **kidneys** regulate thirst and elimination of excess fluid.

Question 34

# Fill in the blank: The brain and kidneys regulate **[BLANK]** and **[BLANK]**.

Answer 34

The brain and kidneys regulate **thirst** and **elimination of excess fluid**.

Question 35

# FIll in the blank: **[BLANK]** proteins pull fluid into the bloodstream.

Answer 35

**Blood plasma** proteins pull fluid into the bloodstream.

Question 36

# FIll in the blank: Blood plasma proteins pull **[BLANK]** into the **[BLANK]**.

Answer 36

Blood plasma proteins pull **fluid** into the **bloodstream**.

Question 37

# Explain: significance of **fluid loss** | (disruptions in fluid balance)

Answer 37

dehydration decrease in total water volume

Question 38

# Explain: significance of **poor fluid distribution** | (distruptions of fluid balance)

Answer 38

water not getting to where it needs to go edema (too much water in some parts of body)

Question 39

# Fill in the blank: The **[BLANK]** and **[BLANK]** are well-protected by the skull and spine.

Answer 39

The **brain** and **spinal cord** are well-protected by the skull and spine.

Question 40

# Fill in the blank: The brain and spinal cord are well-protected by the **[BLANK]** and **[BLANK]**.

Answer 40

The brain and spinal cord are well-protected by the **skull** and **spine**.

Question 41

# Define: meninges

Answer 41

three **membranes that line the skull** and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord

Question 42

# Define: cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 42

a clear, colorless, watery fluid that flows in and around the brain and spinal cord

Question 43

# Define: hypersensitivity | (allergic reaction)

Answer 43

exaggerated immune response to certain food/drugs/substances

Question 44

# Describe: most vulnerable part of the cell

Answer 44

cell membrane

Question 45

# Define: pathophysiology

Answer 45

disordered **physiological processes associated with disease** or injury