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Psych/Soc > Chapter 7- Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 7- Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Biomedical approach vs Biopsychosocial approach

A

Symptom reduction of psychological disorders. Focuses on medical solution

Considers biological psychological and social components to an individuals disorder

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2
Q

Direct therapy vs indirect therapy

A

Treatment acts directly on the individual (meds and periodic meetings with a psychologist)

Aims to increase social support by educating and empowering family and friends of the affected individual

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3
Q

DSM

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

20 diagnostic classes of mental disorders. Used to diagnose pts.

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4
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Prototypical disorder c psychosis as a feature. Positive and negative symptoms.

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5
Q

Positive and Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

+ adds something to behavior cognition affect. Ex: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and disorganized behavior

  • loss of something from behavior cognition or affect. Ex: Disturbance of affect, avolition

(Avolition: total lack of motivation that makes it hard to get anything done
Disturbance of affect: paranoid type.
disorganized type, catatonic type, undifferentiated type, residual type.

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6
Q

Types of depressive disorder

A

Major depressive disorder: at least one major depressive episode

Persistent depressive disorder considered (dysthymia) for at least two years that does not meet criteria for major depressive disorder

Seasonal depressive disorder: major depressive disorder with seasonal onset during the winter months

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7
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

Contains at least one major depressive episode

A period of at least two weeks with at least five of the SIG E CAPS symptoms

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8
Q

Persistent depressive disorder

A

Depression for at least two years it does not make criteria for major depressive disorder.

Depressed mood that isn’t severe enough to meet the criteria for a major depressive episode

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9
Q

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

Colloquial name for major depressive disorder with seasonal onset depression occurs during winter months

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10
Q

Types of bipolar disorders

A

Bipolar I – contains at least one manic episode.
Bipolar II – contains at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode
Cyclothymic disorder – contains hypomanic episodes with dysthymia

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11
Q

Manic versus hypomanic episode

A

Characterized by abnormal and persistently elevated mood with at least three of the following: DIG FAST

Duration: In mania, an elevated or irritable mood lasts at least one week. In hypomania, symptoms last for at least 4 days. Intensity: In mania, symptoms are severe, and in hypomania, they are mild to moderate

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12
Q

Symptoms of a major depressive episode

A

SIG E CAPS

Sleep, interest, guilt, energy, concentration, appetite, cycle motor symptoms, suicidal thoughts

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13
Q

Positive versus negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia

A

Positive symptoms include behaviors thoughts or feelings added to normal behavior including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thoughts, disorganized behavior, echolalia echo proxy.

Negative symptoms include disturbance of a fact, blunting, flat affect, inappropriate affect, avolition

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14
Q

Delusions

Different types of delusions

A

False beliefs discordant with reality and not shared by others in the individuals culture maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary.

Delusions of reference – belief that common elements in the environment are directed toward the individual (Thinking someone on the TV is talking to you)

Delusions of persecution – belief of the persons being deliberately interfered with discriminated against, plotted against or threatened.

Delusions of Grandor – involve a belief that the person is remarkable in some significant way such as being an inventor historical figure a religious icon. 

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15
Q

Hallucinations

A

Perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality.

Auditory hallucinations, visual, olfactory

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16
Q

Neologisms

A

When a person with schizophrenia invents new words. Associated with disorganized thoughts/loosening of associations.

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17
Q

Catatonia

A

Characteristic of an individual with schizophrenia spontaneous movement may be greatly reduced or increased and bizarre.

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18
Q

Echolalia versus echopraxia

A

Repeating another’s words

Imitating another’s actions

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19
Q

Disturbance of affect

A

The expression of emotion as observed by others

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20
Q

Blunting

A

Severe reduction in the intensity of affect. Less severe than flat affect or emotional flattening

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21
Q

Inappropriate affect

A

The affect is clearly discordant with the context of the individual speech.

Example of patients with inappropriate affect may begin to laugh hysterically when describing a parents death.

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22
Q

Avolition

A

Decreased engagement in purposeful goal directed actions

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23
Q

Anhedonia

A

Loss of interest and all or almost all formally enjoyable activities

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24
Q

Symptoms of manic episode

A

DIG FAST

distractible, insomnia, grandiosity, flight of ideas (racing thoughts), agitation, pressured speech, risky behavior or thoughtlessness

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25
Bipolar disorder
Bipolar 1– manic episodes without major depressive episodes Bipolar 2- hypomania with at least one major depressive episode
26
Cyclothymic disorder
Combination of hypomanic episodes and periods of dysthymia that are not to be an app to qualify as major depressive episodes
27
Types of anxiety disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, panic disorder
28
Generalized anxiety disorder
Disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things for at least six months
29
Specific phobias
Anxiety brought on by irrational fears of specific objects or situations
30
Social anxiety disorder
Anxiety due to social performance situations
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Agoraphobia
Fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape
32
Panic disorder
Marked by recurrent panic attacks, intense overwhelming fear and sympathetic nervous system activity with no clear stimulus. May lead to agoraphobia.
33
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Characterized by obsessions which are persistent intrusive thoughts or impulses and… Compulsions which are repetitive tasks that relieve tension but cause significant impairment in a persons life
34
Body dysphormic disorder
Characterized by an unrealistic negative evaluation of one’s appearance or a specific body part. May take extreme measures to correct the perceived in perfection.
35
Post traumatic stress disorder PTSD
A trauma or stress related disorder  Characterized by… intrusion symptoms- reliving the event flashbacks nightmares avoidance symptoms- avoidance of people, places, objects associated with the trauma negative cognitive symptoms- amnesia, negative mood and emotions arousal symptoms-increase startle response, irritability and anxiety
36
Dissociative disorders
When a person avoid stress by escaping from their identity Ex: Dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder, depersonalization/derealization disorder
37
Dissociative amnesia
Inability to recall past experience without an underlying neurological disorder in severe forms that may involve dissociative fugue
38
Dissociative fugue
Sudden change in location that may involve the assumption of a new identity
39
Dissociative identity disorder
The occurrence of two or more personalities that take control of a persons behavior
40
Depersonalization/Derealization disorder
Involve feelings of detachment from the mind and body or from the environment
41
Somatic related disorders
Somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder
42
Somatic symptom disorder
Involves at least one somatic symptom which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition that causes disproportionate concern
43
Illness anxiety disorder
Preoccupation with thoughts about having her coming down with a serious medical condition
44
Conversion disorder 
Unexplained symptoms affecting moderate sensory function is associated with prior trauma
45
Personality disorders Clusters
Patterns of inflexible maladaptive behavior that causes distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning or impulse control. Cluster A: odd and eccentric Cluster B: dramatic emotional erratic Cluster C anxious fearful
46
Cluster A
Odd and eccentric- Includes paranoid schizo typo schizoid personality disorders
47
Cluster B
Dramatic emotional erratic Includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic personality disorder
48
Cluster C
Includes avoidant dependent and obsessive compulsive personality disorder
49
Paranoid personality disorder
Pervasive distrust and suspicion of others
50
Schizotypal personality disorder
Pattern of odd or eccentric thinking. Ideas of reference (similar to delusions of reference but not as extreme in intensity) Magical thinking superstitiousness or a belief in clairvoyance (supposed faculty of perceiving things or events in the future or beyond normal sensory contact)
51
Schizoid personality disorder
Detachment from social relationships and limited emotion
52
Antisocial personality disorder
Disregard for the rights of others. Serial killers often fall under this category
53
Borderline personality disorder
Instability in relationships mood and self image. Splitting is characteristic as are suicide attempts
54
Splitting
Characteristic of borderline personality disorder uses a defense mechanism in which an individual views others as either all good or all bad angel versus devil mentality.
55
Histrionic personality disorder
Involves constant attention seeking behavior
56
Narcissistic personality disorder
Grandiose sense of self importance in need for admiration
57
Avoidant personality disorder
Involves extreme shyness and fear of rejection
58
Dependent personality disorder
Involves a continuous need for reassurance
59
Obsessive compulsive personality disorder
Involves perfectionism and flexibility and preoccupation with rules
60
What things may be associated with schizophrenia
Genetic factors, birth trauma, adolescent marijuana use, family history Highly associated with an excess of dopamine Treated with medication such as neuroleptics which block dopamine receptors
61
What are some markers associated with depression
Abnormally high glucose metabolism in the amygdala, hippocampal atrophy after a long duration of illness, abnormally high levels of cortisol (glucocorticoids) decrease norepinephrine and serotonin and dopamine
62
For bipolar disorders What biological and genetic factors contribute to the disease
Increased norepinephrine and serotonin, higher risk if a parent has bipolar disorder, higher risk for persons with multiple sclerosis
63
Alzheimer’s disease is associated with what?
Genetic factors, brain atrophy, decreases in acetylcholine, senile plaques of b amyloid (miss folded proteins and beta pleated sheet form) neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
64
Parkinson’s disease is associated with what?
Bradykinesia- Slowness in movement resting tremor- tremor that appears when muscles are not being used pill rolling tremor- Flexing and extending the fingers were moving the thumb back-and-forth as a rolling something in the fingers masklike fasciitis- Facial expression consisting of static an expression less facial features staring eyes and partially open mouth cogwheel rigidity- Muscle tension that intermittently halt movement as an examiner attempts to manipulate a limb shuffling gait with stooped posture Decreased production of dopamine by cells in the substantial nigra.

Psych/Soc (9 decks)

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