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MCAT - Behavioural Sciences > Chapter 7 - Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Psychological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between the Biomedical Approach to Psychological Disorders vs. the Biopsychosocial Approach?

A
  • The Biomedical approach takes into account only the physical and medical causes of psychological disorders.
  • The Biopsychosocial approach considers the relative contributions of biological, psychological and social components to a disorder.
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2
Q

What is the name of the technology used to diagnose psychological disorders? How does it work?

A

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5 is most recent as of May ‘13) characterizes mental disorders by symptom patterns.

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3
Q

Name 3 Psychological Disorders with greater than 2% one-year prevalence in the United States (affecting 1 in 50 people per year).

A
  1. Specific Phobia
  2. Major Depressive Disorder
  3. PTSD
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4
Q

What are some key features of Schizophrenia?

A
  • It is a prototypical disorder with psychosis as a feature

- Contains positive and negative symptoms

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5
Q

What are possible Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia?

A

Positive Symptoms add something to behaviour, cognition, or affect and include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized behaviour.

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6
Q

What are possible Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia?

A

Negative Symptoms are the loss of something from behaviour, cognition, or affect and include disturbance of affect and avolition.

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of Depressive Disorders?

A
  1. Major Depressive Disorder
  2. Persistent Depressive Disorder
  3. Seasonal Affective Disorder
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8
Q

What is the key characteristic of Major Depressive Disorder?

A

Contains at least one major depressive episode.

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9
Q

What is the key characteristic of Persistent Depressive Disorder?

A

Is dysthymia for at least two years that does not meet criteria of MDD.

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10
Q

What is the key characteristic of Seasonal Affective Disorder?

A

MDD with a seasonal offset, with depression occurring during winter months.

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11
Q

What are the 8 key symptoms of Depressive Disorders?

A
  1. Sleep
  2. Interest (Loss of)
  3. Guilt
  4. Energy (Loss)
  5. Concentration (issues)
  6. Appetite
  7. Psychomotor Symptoms
  8. Suicidal Thoughts
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12
Q

What is the key characteristic of Bipolar Disorder?

A

Having manic or hypomanic episodes.

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13
Q

What is Dysthymia?

A

A chronic form of depression.

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14
Q

What is the difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II Disorder?

A

Bipolar I contains at least one manic episode. Bipolar II contains at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode.

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15
Q

What is Cyclothymic Disorder?

A

Contains hypomanic episodes with dysthymia.

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16
Q

What are the 5 classifications of Anxiety Disorders?

A
  1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
  2. Specific Phobias
  3. Social Anxiety Disorder
  4. Agoraphobia
  5. Panic Disorder
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17
Q

Describe Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

A disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things for a minimum of 6 months.

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18
Q

Describe Specific Phobias

A

Irrational fears of specific objects or situations.

19
Q

Describe Social Anxiety Disorder

A

Anxiety due to social or performance situations.

20
Q

Describe Agoraphobia

A

A fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape.

21
Q

Describe Panic Disorder

A

Marked by recurrent panic attacks: intense, overwhelming fear and SNS activity with no clear stimulus. May lead to agoraphobia.

22
Q

Define Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A

Characterized by obsessions (persistent intrusive thoughts and impulses) and compulsions (repetitive taste that relieve tensions but cause significant impairment in a person’s life).

23
Q

Define Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A

Characterized by an unrealistic negative evaluation of one’s appearance or a specific body part. Extreme measures are taken to change appearance.

24
Q

Define PTSD

A

Characterized by intrusive symptoms (reliving the event, flashbacks, nightmares), avoidance symptoms (avoidance of people, places, objects associated with trauma), negative cognitive symptoms (amnesia, negative mood and emotions), and arousal symptoms (increased startle response, irritability, anxiety).

25
Q

What are the 4 types of Dissociate Disorders?

A
  1. Dissociative Amnesia
  2. Dissociative Fugue
  3. Dissociative Identity Disorder
  4. Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
26
Q

Define Dissociative Amnesia

A

An inability to recall past experience without an underlying neurological disorder.

27
Q

What can severe forms of Dissociative Amnesia involve?

A

Dissociative Fugue: a sudden change in location that may involve the assumption of a new identity.

28
Q

What is Dissociative Identity Disorder?

A

The occurrence of two or more personalities that take control of behaviour.

29
Q

Define Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

A

Involves feelings of detachment from the mind and body or from the environment.

30
Q

What are the 3 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders?

A
  1. Somatic Symptom Disorder
  2. Illness Anxiety Disorder
  3. Conversion Disorder
31
Q

Describe Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

Involves at least one Somatic Symptom, which Amy or not be linked to an underlying medical conditions, that causes disproportionate concern.

32
Q

Describe Illness Anxiety Disorder

A

A preoccupation with thoughts about having, or, coming down with, a serious medical condition.

33
Q

Describe Conversion Disorder

A

Involves unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function and is associated with prior trauma.

34
Q

Define Personality Disorders

A

Patterns of inflexible, maladaptive, behaviour that causes distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following:

  1. Cognition
  2. Emotion
  3. Interpersonal Function
  4. Impulse Control
35
Q

What are the three clusters of Personality Disorders?

A
  1. A - Odd or Eccentric
  2. B - Dramatic, emotional, or erratic
  3. C - Anxious or Fearful
36
Q

What are some types of Personality Disorders found in Cluster A?

A

Paranoid, Schizotypal, Schizoid

37
Q

What are some types of Personality Disorders found in Cluster B?

A

Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic

38
Q

What are some types of Personality Disorders found in Cluster C?

A

Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

39
Q

What is the Biological Basis of Schizophrenia?

A

May be associated with genetic factors, birth trauma, adolescent weed use and family history. High levels of dopaminergic transmission.

40
Q

What is the Biological Basis of Depression?

A

Accompanied by high levels of glucocorticoids and low levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine.

41
Q

What is the Biological Basis of Bipolar Disorders?

A

High levels of norepinephrine and serotonin. Highly heritable.

42
Q

What is the Biological Basis of Alzheimers?

A

Genetic factors, brain atrophy, decreases in acetylcholine, senile plaques of B-amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein.

43
Q

What is the Biological Basis of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Bradykinesia, resting tremor, pill-rolling tremor, mask like facies, cogwheel rigidity, and shuffling gait. There is also a decreased production of dopamine by cells in the substantial nigra.

MCAT - Behavioural Sciences (12 decks)

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