Chapter 7 - Substance and Addictive Disorders

Question 1

according to an Ontario survey, what percentage of people aged 15+ had used marijuana and alcohol at some point in their life?

Answer 1

45% used marijuana at some point in their lives, and 79% had used alcohol

Question 2

what percentage of people use hallucinogens?

Answer 2

11%

Question 3

what percentage of people use cocaine?

Answer 3

11%

Question 4

what percentage people use amphetamines?

Answer 4

6%

Question 5

what percentage of people use MDMA (ecstasy)?

Answer 5

4%

Question 6

what percentage of people use heroin?

Answer 6

1%

Question 7

what percentage of the Canadian population (15+) are smokers?

Answer 7

15%

Question 8

what are the signs of intoxication?

Answer 8

• confusion
• belligerence
• impaired judgement
• inattention
• impaired motor and spatial skills

Question 9

what are some common withdrawal symptoms?

Answer 9

• dryness in the mouth
• nausea or vomiting
• weakness
• tachycardia
• anxiety and depression
• headaches
• insomnia
• elevated blood pressure
• fleeting hallucinations

Question 10

what are the symptoms of withdrawal for a chronic alcoholic?

Answer 10

• tachycardia
• delirium tremens
• delirium
• disorientation

Question 11

what is physiological dependence?

Answer 11

state of physical dependence on a drug in which the user’s body comes to depend on a steady supply of a substance

Question 12

what is psychological dependence?

Answer 12

reliance on a substance, although one may not be physiologically dependent

Question 13

what are the pathways to substance use disorder?

Answer 13

1. experimentation: where it starts; control still intact
2. routine use: challenges in daily life functioning due to substance use
3. addiction or dependence: lengths an individual will go for the substance use severely challenges daily functioning

Question 14

what are the effects of depressants?

Answer 14

• reduces feelings of tension and anxiety
• causes movements to be sluggish
• impairs cognitive processes

Question 15

what is the economic cost of alcoholism?

Answer 15

based on days lost from work, health problems associated with alcoholism, and costs resulting from motor vehicle accidents amounts to more than $14.6 billion annually

Question 16

what are the risk factors for alcoholism?

Answer 16

• gender
• age
• antisocial personality disorder
• family history
• sociodemographic factors

Question 17

what are the physical risks associated with alcoholism?

Answer 17

• cancer
• heart disease
• cirrhosis of the liver
• pancreatitis
• Korsakoff’s syndrome
• fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 18

what are the effects of barbiturates?

Answer 18

• drowsiness
• slurred speech
• motor impairment
• irritability
• poor judgement

Question 19

what are the natural opiates?

Answer 19

morphine, heroin, and codeine

Question 20

what are the synthetic opiates?

Answer 20

demerol, percodan, and fentynal

Question 21

what are the effects of high doses of amphetamines?

Answer 21

• restlessness
• irritability
• hallucinations
• paranoid delusions
• loss of appetite
• insomnia

Question 22

what is amphetamine psychosis?

Answer 22

• psychotic state induced by ingestion of amphetamines

- mimics acute episodes of schizophrenia

Question 23

how does the rush from snorting cocaine differ from that of smoking crack?

Answer 23

the rush from snorting cocaine lingers whereas the rush from smoking crack is prompt and potent and wheres off in a few minutes

Question 24

what are the effects of cocaine?

Answer 24

• increases the availability of dopamine in the brain

- produces a sudden rise in blood pressure, constricts blood vessels and accelerates the heart rate

Question 25

what are the symptoms of a cocaine overdose?

Answer 25

- restlessness - insomnia - headaches - nausea - convulsions - tremors - hallucinations - delusions

Question 26

what are the effects of nicotine?

Answer 26

- increased alertness | - stimulates the release of epinephrine and endorphins

Question 27

what are the withdrawal symptoms of nicotine?

Answer 27

- fatigue - depressed mood - irritability - impaired concentration - dizziness - drowsiness - headaches - irregular bowels - insomnia - lowered heart rate - heart palpitations - increased appetite - weight gain - sweating - tremors

Question 28

what are the effects of LSD?

Answer 28

- vivid parade of colours and visual distortions - "expands consciousness" - effects are unpredictable and depend on the amount taken as well as the user's expectations, personality, mood, and surroundings

Question 29

what are the effects of phencyclidine (PCP)?

Answer 29

- produces hallucinations - accelerates the heart rate and blood pressure - causes sweating, flushing, and numbness - dissociation is common

Question 30

what are the effects of marijuana?

Answer 30

- produces relaxing feelings - increased awareness of bodily sensations - paranoia and psychotic symptoms - university students who are heavy users show evidence of cognitive impairment, including diminished ability in tasks requiring attention, abstraction, mental flexibility, and working memory

Question 31

examples of inhalants

Answer 31

- adhesives - aerosols - anaesthetics - benzene - carbon dioxide - cleaning fluid - correction fluid - disinfectants - ether - fingernail polish - fuels - whiteboard markers - paint/paint removers

Question 32

what are the effects of inhalants?

Answer 32

- induce feelings of intoxication and euphoria - impairments in learning and memory - increased risk of serious medical illness and even death

Question 33

what are the biological perspectives of substance use and addiction?

Answer 33

- increased levels of dopamine and serotonin from drug use - reduced levels of endorphins after continued use - genetics - disease model

Question 34

what are the learning perspectives of substance use and addiction?

Answer 34

- operant conditioning (learn to cope with withdrawal symptoms by using substances) - alcohol and tension reduction - negative reinforcement and withdrawal - the conditioning model of cravings - observational learning

Question 35

what are the cognitive perspectives of substance use and addiction?

Answer 35

- attitudes and beliefs - outcome expectancies - decision making perspective (drug use impairs good decision making) - self-efficacy expectancies (states of euphoria increase our perceived ability to do things)

Question 36

what is the psychodynamic perspective of substance use and addiction?

Answer 36

view problems of substance abuse such as excessive drinking and habitual smoking as signs of an oral fixation

Question 37

what are the sociocultural perspectives of substance use and addiction?

Answer 37

- cultural group and social factors | - peer pressure

Question 38

what are the biological approaches to treatment?

Answer 38

- detoxification - disulfiram (antabuse) - nicotine replacement therapy - methadone maintenance programs (switch from a really harmful drug to another slightly less harmful drug; switching one addiction for another) - naloxone and naltrexone

Question 39

culturally sensitive treatment of substance use disorders

Answer 39

- counsellors from a client's own ethnic group - incorporating values and cultural beliefs - incorporate indigenous forms of healing

Question 40

what are some residential approaches to treatment?

Answer 40

- hospital or therapeutic residence | - managed alcohol programs (MAPs)

Question 41

what the cognitive-behavioural approaches to treatment?

Answer 41

- self-control strategies - social skills training (if it's a social environment that leads to substance use) - cue-exposure training - aversive training - motivational enhancement therapy (MET)