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Principles of Biology 103 > Chapter 7 (test two) > Flashcards

Chapter 7 (test two) Flashcards

1
Q

Plant scientists are tweaking the basic chemistry of (blank) to create commercially important oils and fuels.

A

photosynthesis

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2
Q

All life on Earth depends on

A

solar energy.

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3
Q 
Photosynthetic organisms (blank) transform solar energy into the chemical energy of (blank)
Called (blank) because they produce their own food
A

(algae, plants, and cyanobacteria); carbohydrates.

autotrophs

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4
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

A process that captures solar energy, transforms solar energy into chemical energy , and energy ends up stored in a carbohydrate

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5
Q 
Photosynthesizers produce (blank) energy.
Feed themselves as well as (blank)
A

food; heterotrophs

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6
Q

Heterotrophs are also known as

A

consumers

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7
Q

Both (blank) use organic molecules produced by photosynthesis as a source of chemical energy for cellular work.

A

autotrophs and heterotrophs

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8
Q

photosynthesis takes place in the (blank) portion of plants

A

green

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9
Q

the leaf of flowering plants contain (blank) tissue

A

mesophyll

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10
Q

cells containing (blank) are specialized to carry out photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

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11
Q

the raw materials for photosynthesis are

A

carbon dioxide and water

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12
Q

(blank) absorb water that moves up through vascular tissue

A

roots

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13
Q

carbon dioxide enters a leaf through small openings called (blank) and diffuses into chloroplasts in (blank) cells

A

stomata; mesophyll

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14
Q

The (blank) membranes of chloroplasts contain (blank) and other pigments that can absorb solar energy that drives photosynthesis

A

thylakoid; chlorophyll

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15
Q

(blank) are energized during photosynthesis

A

electrons

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16
Q

carbon dioxide is reduced to form a

A

carbohydrate

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17
Q

in the (blank), carbon dioxide combines with water to form (blank)

A

stroma; glucose

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18
Q

light reactions take place only in the place of

A

light

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19
Q

light reactions are energy (blank) reactions

A

capturing

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20
Q

LR: Chlorophyll absorbs (blank) and this energizes (blank)

A

solar energy; electrons

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21
Q

LR: electrons move down an
this pumps H+ into (blank)
this is used to make (blank) out of (blank) and (blank) out of (blank)

A

electron transport chain
thylakoids
ATP out of ADP; NADPH out of NADP

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22
Q

Calvin cycle reactions take place in the

A

stroma

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23
Q

CC: carbon dioxide is reduced to a

A

carbohydrate

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24
Q

CC reactions use (blank) and (blank) to produce carbohydrate

A

ATP and NADPH

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25
CC Reactions were named after
Melvin Calvin
26
In photosynthesis (blank) is reduced and (blank) is oxidized
carbon dioxide; water
27
Chemicals that absorb certain wavelengths of light are
pigments
28
Wavelengths that are not absorbed by pigments are
reflected/transmitted
29
Pigments found in (blank) absorb various portions of visible light.
chlorophyll
30
An (blank) is a graph showing relative absorption of the various colors of the rainbow.
absorption spectrum
31
Chlorophyll is green because
it absorbs much of the reds and blues of white light and reflects green light.
32
accessory pigments which absorb light in the violet-blue-green range and reflect yellow and orange light.
Carotenoids
33
The light reactions consist of two alternate electron pathways
Noncyclic pathway | Cyclic pathway
34
Light reactions capture light energy with
photosystems I and II
35
A (blank) is a pigment complex that helps collect solar energy, like an antenna.
photosystem
36
Photosystems are located in the
thylakoid membranes
37
Both cyclic and noncyclic pathways produce
ATP
38
The noncyclic pathway also produces
NADPH
39
Noncyclic pathway takes place in the
thylakoid membrane
40
Noncyclic pathway uses two
photosystems I and II
41
Noncyclic pathway: PS II captures
light energy
42
Noncyclic pathway begins with photosystem (blank) | which causes electrons to be ejected from the (blank)
II | reaction center; chlorophyll a
43
Noncyclic pathway: electron travels down (blank) to (blank) | Replaced with an electron from (blank) which is split to form (blank)
electron transport chain; PS I | water; oxygen and H+
44
Noncyclic pathway: H+ accumulates in the (blank location) | The H+ gradient is used to produce (blank)
thylakoid chambers; ATP
45
Noncyclic pathway; (blank) captures light energy and ejects an electron The electron is transferred permanently to a molecule of (blank) This causes (blank) production
PS I NADP+ NADPH
46
PS II consists of (blank) and (blank) it receives electrons from the splitting of (blank) (blank) is rejected as a gas
pigment complex and electron acceptors water oxygen
47
The electron transport chain consists of (blank) and (blank) it carries electrons between (blank) and (blank) also pumps H+ from the (blank) into the (blank) space
cytochrome complexes and plastoquinone PS II and PS I stroma; thylakoid
48
The PS I has a (blank) and (blank) | adjacent to the enzyme that reduces (blank) to (blank)
pigment complex and electron acceptors | NADP+ to NADPH
49
ATP synthase complex has a channel for (blank) flow | this flow through the channel drives ATP synthase to join (blank) and (blank) to each other
H+ | ADP and P
50
The thylakoid space acts as. a reservoir for
hydrogen ions
51
Each time water is oxidized, (blank) remains in the thylakoid space
two H+
52
transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain yields (blank) This is used to pump H+ across the (blank) (blank) move from the stroma to the thylakoid space
energy thylakoid membrane protons
53
The flow of H+ back across the thylakoid membrane energizes
ATP synthase
54
ATP synthase enzymatically produces (blank) from ADP + P . This method is called (blanK) because its tied to the establishment of an H+ gradient
ATP; chemiosmosis
55
``` Plants Fix Carbon Dioxide. a (blank) series of reactions utilizes atmospheric (blank) to produce carbohydrate known as (blank) photosynthesis ```
cyclical; carbon dioxide; C3
56
three stages of C3 photosynthesis
carbon dioxide fixation, carbon dioxide reductio, RuBP regeneration
57
CO2 is attached to 5-carbon (blank) by the enzyme (blank) Results in a (blank) carbon molecule Reaction is accelerated by (blank) CO2 is now fixed because it's part of a (blank)
RuBP; RuBP carboxylase 6 RUBP carboxylase (Rubisco) carbohydrate
58
3PG is reduced to (blank) which is reduced to (blank) (blank) and (blank) are required for this stage This stage utilizes (blank) and some (blank) produced in the light reactions (blank) is then reduced and chemically able to store more energy and form larger organic molecules
BPG; G3P electrons and energy NADPH and ATP G3P
59
(blank) used in CO2 fixation must be replaced
RuPB
60
every (blank) turn of the Calvin cycle (blank) G3P (3-carbon molecule) are used to remake (blank) RuPB (5-carbon molecule)
3; 5; 3
61
hydrocarbon Skeleton of G3P can form (5)
``` Fatty acids and glycerol to make plant oils Glucose phosphate (simple sugar) Fructose (which with glucose = sucrose) Starch and cellulose Amino acids ```
62
The majority of plants use (blank) photosynthesis | These use RuPB carboxylase to fix (blank) to (blank) in mesophyll cells
C3; CO2 to RuPB
63
in hot dry climates (blank). must close to avoid wilting (blank) decreases and (blank) increases (blank) starts combining with RuBP leading to the production of (blank) This is called
stomata CO2; O2 O2; CO2 photorespiration
64
(blank) plants avoid photorespiration | fix CO2 to
C4 | PEP, a C4 molecule
65
CAM photosynthesis stands for
Crassulacean-acid metabolism
66
CAM plants partition (blank) by time
carbon fixation
67
During the night, CAM plants fix (blank) and form (blank) which are stored in large (blank)
CO2; C4 molecules; vacuoles
68
During the day for CAM plants, (blank) and (blank) are available (blank) are closed for water conservation C4 molecules release (blank) to Calvin cycle
NADPH and ATP stomata CO2
69
C4 plants most adapted to
high light intensities, high temperatures, limited rainfall
70
C3 plants better adapted to
cold temp, high moisture
71
CAM plants are better adapted to extreme occurs in 23 families of also found among
aridity flowering plants nonflowering plants

Principles of Biology 103 (14 decks)

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