Chapter One (Exam One) Flashcards
1
Q
Organizations of living systems begin with (blank) which make up basic building blocks called (blank)
A
atoms; elements
2
Q
The (blank) is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things
A
cell
3
Q
(blank) organisms are single-celled organisms that either live independently or as colonies
A
unicellular
4
Q
(blank) organisms are made up of many cells that work together
A
multicellular
5
Q
different cells combine to make up (blank); name an example
A
tissues; nerve tissue
6
Q
Tissues combine to make up (blank) name an example
A
organs; brain
7
Q
Specific organs work together as (blank) name an example
A
an organ system; the brain, spinal cord
8
Q
What kind of organisms contain organ systems?
A
Multicellular
9
Q
A species in a particular area constitutes a (blank) example
A
population; gray squirrels in a forest
10
Q
Interacting populations in a particular area comprise a (blank)
A
community
11
Q
A community plus its physical environment is a(n)
A
ecosystem
12
Q
The biosphere is comprised of (blank)
A
Earth’s crust, waters, and atmosphere inhabited by
organisms
13
Q
Each level of organization has (blank) due to interactions between the parts making up
the whole;
A
emergent properties
14
Q
all emergent properties follow the laws of (blank)
A
physics and chemistry
15
Q
What is biology?
A
the scientific study of life
16
Q
Living things do what? compose and obey what?
A
they are composed of the same chemical elements as nonliving things; they obey the same physical and chemical laws that govern everything in the universe
17
Q
What is a cell?
A
the basic unit of structure and function of all living things
18
Q
as biological complexity increases, each level acquires new
A
emergent properties
19
Q
What is an atom?
A
the smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons
20
Q
what is a molecule?
A
Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements
21
Q
What is a cell?
A
The structural and functional unit of all living things
22
Q
What is a tissue?
A
A group of cells with a common structure and function
23
Q
What is an organ?
A
it’s composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task
24
Q
What is an organ system?
A
it’s composed of several organs working together
25
What is an organism? Complex individuals contain what?
An individual; complex individuals contain organ systems
26
What is a population?
Organisms of the same species in a particular area
27
What is a community?
Interacting populations in a particular area
28
What is an ecosystem?
A community plus the physical environment
29
What is a biosphere?
Regions of the Earth’s crust, waters, and atmosphere inhabited by living things.
30
What is the organization of living things from smallest to largest?
atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
31
What does life require?
material and energy
32
What is energy?
the capacity to do work
33
Energy is required to what?
maintain organization and conduct life-sustaining processes such as chemical reactions.
34
What is metabolism?
all the chemical reactions that occurs in a cell
35
What is the ultimate energy source for nearly all life on Earth?
Sun
36
Plants, algae, and other organisms capture solar energy to perform what?
Photosynthesis
37
What is photosynthesis?
a process that converts solar energy into the chemical energy of carbohydrates.
38
What are ecosystems characterized by?
chemical cycling and energy flow
39
How do chemicals move in a food chain?
Chemicals move from one population to another in a food chain. Example: Chemicals move from producers to consumers to decomposers.
40
Where do chemicals go when an organism dies?
As a result of death and decomposition, chemicals are returned to living plants.
41
How does energy flow through a population?
Energy from the sun flows through plants and other members of the food chain as one population feeds on another.
42
What must living things maintain and what is its definition? What does it do? (3)
1. Homeostasis is the maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries.
2. In order to maintain homeostasis, body systems monitor internal conditions and make adjustments when needed. 3. Organisms have intricate feedback and control mechanisms to maintain homeostatic balance.
43
Living things respond to what?
Living things respond to stimuli
| Living things interact with the environment and respond to changes in the environment.
44
The ability to respond often produces what?
movement
45
All living things must what to maintain a population?
reproduce
46
When organisms reproduce, they pass on copies of their what to the next generation?
genetic information, or genes
47
What are genes? What do they do?
genetic information that organisms pass on to the next generation when they reproduce; They determine the characteristics of an organism
48
What are genes composed of?
DNA; deoxyribonucleic acid
49
What is an adaptation?
any modification that makes an organism better able to function in a particular environment.
50
How does the diversity of life exist?
because over long periods of time, organisms respond to changing environments by developing new adaptations.
51
What is evolution?
the change in a population of organisms over time to become more suited to the environment.
52
What 3 aspects does the theory of evolution do/suggest?
1. The theory of evolution explains the diversity and unity of life.
2. It suggests how all living things descended from a common ancestor.
3. Common descent with modification
53
What is natural selection? Who proposed it?
Natural selection is the evolutionary mechanism
proposed by Charles Darwin (he was a pastor/minister) came up with this theory after a trip to the Galapagos Islands and noticing the birds' beaks adapting to the environment
54
What 3 aspects does natural selection propose?
1. Some aspect of the environment selects which
traits are more apt to be passed on to the next
generation.
2. Individuals with the favorable traits produce the greater number of offspring that survive and reproduce.
3. This Increases the frequency of those favorable traits in population
55
What do mutations do? (2)
They fuel natural selection and introduce variations among members of a population
56
What is an evolutionary tree?
An evolutionary tree is like a family tree. An evolutionary tree traces the ancestry of life on Earth to a common ancestor.
57
What is the common ancestor of life on Earth?
the first cells
58
What is taxonomy?
the discipline of biology that identifies, names, and classifies organisms according to certain rules.
59
What is systematics?
the study of evolutionary relationships between organisms.
60
How are organisms classified?
In categories: From least inclusive category (species) to
most inclusive category (domain). Each successive category above species includes more types of organisms than the preceding one.
61
What are the levels of classification? use human for an example LOOK THESE UP!!!
```
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Homo sapiens (italicized)
```
62
What does Domain Archaea contain?
Contains unicellular prokaryotes that live in extreme environments probably similar to the primitive earth
63
What are prokaryotes?
Organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus
64
What does Domain Bacteria contain?
Contains unicellular prokaryotes that live in all
environments including on our skin and in our mouths
and intestines. Ground positive and ground negative (bad bacteria)
65
What does Domain Eukarya contain?
Contains unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes
66
What are eukaryotes?
Organisms that contain a membrane-bound nucleus. Golgi apparatus, ribosome, etc.
67
What are characteristics of the Domain Archaea? (4)
1. Prokaryotic cells of various shapes
2. Adaptations to extreme environments
3. Absorb or chemosynthesize food
4. Unique chemical characteristics
68
What are characteristics of the Domain Bacteria? (4)
1. Prokaryotic cells of various shapes
2. Adaptations to all environments
3. Absorb, photosynthesize, or chemosynthesize food
4. Unique chemical characteristics
Example: E. coli
69
What are the kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya?
Protists (composed of several kingdoms), Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
70
What are characteristics of the Kingdom Protists (several kingdoms)? (3)
1. Contains algae, protozoans, slime molds, and water molds
2. Complex single cell (sometimes filaments, colonies, even multicellular)
3. Absorb, photosynthesize, or ingest food
71
What are characteristics of the Kingdom Fungi? (3)
1. Contains mold, mushrooms, yeasts, and ringworms
2. Mostly multicellular filaments with specialized, complex cells
3. Absorb food
72
What are characteristics of the Kingdom Plantae? (3)
1. Contains certain algae, mosses, ferns, conifers (trees that stay green year round), and flowering plants
2. Multicellular , usually with specialized tissues containing complex cells
3. Photosynthesize food
73
What are characteristics of the Kingdom Animalia? (3)
1. Contains sponges, worms, insects, fishes, frogs, turtles, birds, and mammals
2. Multicellular with specialized tissues containing complex cells
3. Ingest food
74
What are scientific names always?
universal, latin-based, binomial nomenclature
75
Explain binomial nomenclature in scientific naming. How do you write it?
1. First word is the genus. Always capitalized
2. Second word is the species designation (or specific
epithet) . Written in lowercase
3. Both words are italicized.
76
What is the scientific method?
a standard series of steps used in gaining new knowledge
| through research.
77
What are the 5 steps of the scientific method?
```
Observation
Hypothesis
Predictions and Experiments
Data Collection with Statistical Analysis
Conclusion
```
78
What is an observation? (4) example
When scientists use their senses to gather information about a phenomenon or natural event.
1. Scientists believe nature is orderly and measurable, and that natural laws (e.g., gravity) do not change
with time.
2. Natural events, called phenomena, can therefore be understood from observation.
3. Scientists also use the knowledge and experiences of other scientists to expand their understanding
of phenomena.
4. Chance alone can sometimes help a scientist get an idea (e.g., Alexander Fleming’s discovery of
penicillin).
79
What is a hypothesis? What is it developed through?
a tentative explanation for what was observed. It is developed through inductive reasoning. It is testable.
80
What is a phenomenon?
a natural event
81
What are experiments and predictions?
An experiment is a series of procedures
| designed to test a hypothesis. It utilizes deductive reasoning to make a prediction or expected outcome.
82
What is experimental design?
The manner in which a scientist conducts an
| experiment
83
What does a good experimental design do?
ensures that the scientist is examining the contribution of a specific factor called the experimental (independent)
variable to the observation.
84
What is the experimental variable? What's another name for it?
Independent variable; the factor being tested.
85
What is a test group?
exposed to the experimental variable.
86
What is a control group? What must the control and test group be to support a hypothesis?
goes through all aspects of the experiment but is not exposed to the experimental variable. If the control and test groups show the same results, the hypothesis is not supported
87
What is data? What should it be?
The data are the results of an experiment. Should be observable and objective
88
How is data shown?
Tables and graphs are two possible formats for the data.
| Data are analyzed using statistics.
89
What is the standard error in measures of variations?
how far off the average of the data is
90
What is statistical value of data? What must it be?
Probability value (p); Less than 5% is acceptable (p<0.05)
The lower the p value, the greater the confidence in the results
Not due to chance alone
Many studies rely on statistical data which, among other things, determines the probability of error
in the experiment.
Statistical significance means the experimental results were not due to chance or some factor other
than the experimental (independent) variable.
91
What is the conclusion?
When the data are interpreted to determine whether the hypothesis is supported or not.
92
What determines if a hypothesis is accepted or not?
If prediction happens, hypothesis is supported.
| If not, hypothesis is rejected.
93
What happens with the findings of the experiment?
Findings are reported in scientific journals.
Peers review the findings.
Other scientists then attempt to duplicate or dismiss the published findings.
94
What is a scientific theory and what is it supported by?
Concepts that join together two or more well-supported
and related hypotheses
Supported by broad range of observations, experiments,
and data
95
What is a scientific principle/law and what is it supported by?
widely accepted set of theories
| no serious challenges to validity
96
What are the 3 theories of biology? explain them
1.) Cell: All organisms are composed of cells, and
new cells come only from preexisting cells.
2.) Homeostasis: The internal environment of an organism stays relatively constant-within a range that is protective of life.
3.) Evolution: All living organisms have a common ancestor, but each is adapted to a particular way of life
97
What is science?
a systematic way of acquiring knowledge about the natural world.
98
What is technology?
the application of scientific knowledge to the interests of humans. example: cell phones, new drugs
99
What is biodiversity?
the total number and relative abundance of species, the variability of their genes, and the ecosystems in which they live. one thing depends on another.
100
What is the estimated biodiversity? how much has actually been identified?
Estimated to be as high as 15 million species. Less than 2 million have been named and identified
101
What is extinction?
the death of the last member of a species or larger classification category.
102
An estimated how many species/day are lost due to human activities?
400
103
What two ecosystems are threatened by human activities? What do these ecosystems contain?
tropical rain forest and coral reefs. the canopy of the tropical rain forest supports orchids, insects, monkeys, etc. coral reefs provide habitats for jellyfish, sponges, crabs, lobsters, sea turtles, moray eels, and fishes.
104
Humans depend upon healthy ecosystems for
Food, Medicines, Raw materials
105
Draining of wetlands of Mississippi and Ohio Rivers
Worsened flooding, Ruined farmland
106
Destruction of South American rain forests
Killed species, Decreased availability of lumber
107
Over the past decade several new disease have
| been in the news. What are they? (4)
H5N1, H7N9, SARS, Ebola
108
Where do emerging diseases come from? (5) name some examples
1. New or increased exposure to insects or animals
2. Changes on behaviors
3. Use of technology (Legionnaires’ disease)
4. Globalization
5. Pathogens mutating and changing hosts (avian flu)
109
What is climate change and what causes it?
changes in normal cycles of Earth's climate attributable to human activities; due to imbalance in chemical cycling of carbon
110
How does the imbalance in chemical cycling of carbon cause climate change?
More carbon is being released than removed by burning of fossil fuels and destruction of forests and replacement by farmland. The increase of CO2 causes temperature increase (global warming). This is produced by the greenhouse effect. Global warming is changing Earth's ecosystems
111
What are the three domains?
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
112
What is standard deviation?
a statistical analysis that is a measure of how much the data in the experiment varies.
113
What is the responding variable? What is another name of it?
dependent variable; The result is called the responding (dependent) variable because it is due to the independent
variable.
114
Use the scientific method in the antibiotic experiment (6)
1. Hypothesis
2. Prediction
3. Control group?
4. Test group?
5. Are variables equal?
6. Results
1. Hypothesis: Newly discovered antibiotic B is a better treatment for ulcers than antibiotic A,
which is in current use.
2. Prediction: Patients with ulcers who are matched by sex, age, weight, and other illnesses and
treated with placebo (no treatment), antibiotic A or antibiotic B will show statistically significant
responses to their treatments which will indicate that antibiotic B is a better treatment.
3. Control group: Ulcer patients receive only placebo..
4. Test groups: Ulcer patients receive either antibiotic A or antibiotic B.
5. All other variables are equal.
6. Results: After endoscopy, antibiotic two proved to be more effective. Thus, the hypothesis is supported
115
What is inductive reasoning?
allows a person to combine isolated facts into a cohesive whole.
116
What is deductive reasoning?
involves “if, then” logic to make a prediction based on knowledge of the factors in the experiment.
117
What is a model?
a representation of an actual object
