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Physiology > Chapter 7- The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 7- The Nervous System Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

PNS

A

nerves, ganglia, nerve plexus

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3
Q

Interneuron

A

multipolar neuron located entirely within the CNS

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4
Q

Afferent neuron

A

Sensory neuron

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5
Q

Efferent neuron

A

motor neuron

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6
Q

somatic motor nerve

A

nerve that stimulates contraction of skeletal muscles

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7
Q

Autonomic motor nerve

A

Nerve that stimulates contraction (or inhibits contraction) of smooth muscle and
cardiac muscle and that stimulates glandular secretio

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8
Q

ganglion

A

grouping of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

grouping of neuron cell bodies within the CNS

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10
Q

Tract

A

grouping of axons that interconnect regions of the CNS

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11
Q

What is a neuron

A

Structural and functional units of the nervous system

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12
Q

General functions of the neuron

A

Respond to chemical and physical stimuli
b. Conduct electrochemical impulses
c. Release chemical regulators
d. Enable perception of sensory stimuli, learning,
memory, and control of muscles and glands

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13
Q

Can neurons divide?

A

no, just repair

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14
Q

What is anterograde transport

A

away from the cell body (soma) going towards the axon terminal. Kinesin protein helps with it (like “take out” food)

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15
Q

What is retrograde transport

A

going back towards the cell body (soma). Dynactin and Dynein. (we’re “dining in” at the cell body)

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16
Q

Protein impaired in ALS

A

Kinesin and Dynactin

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17
Q

Protein impaired in IPN

A

Kinesin, Dynein, and Dynactin

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18
Q

Protein impaired in HSP

A

kinesin

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19
Q

Protein inpaired in PS

A

Dynactin

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20
Q

Multipolar Neurons

A

multiple dendrites coming from the cell body and one axon

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21
Q

Bipolar

A

dendrite and axon coming out from the cell body

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22
Q

Pseudounipolar (unipolar)

A

one extension from the cell body

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23
Q

Anaxonic

A

Multiple dendrites, no axon

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24
Q

What are neuroglia

A

support cells of nervous system

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25
What are the two types of neuroglia in the PNS
satellite cells and schwann cells
26
What do schwann cells do?
make the myelin sheath. In regeneration, they phagocytize the distal end of a damaged neuron. They then form a regeneration tube for the new axon growth
27
what do satellite cells do?
cover the cell body
28
What are neurotrophins?
Nerve growth factors. They help in fetal brain growth. In adults they aid in repair and maintenance of sympathetic ganglia and sensory neurons.
29
Why did Dr. Rita Levi-Montalcini win a Nobel peace prize?
for discovering growth factors
30
Microglial
macrophages of the central nervous system. Clean stuff up. engulf dying neuron
31
Oligodendrocyte
have processes (arms). Extensions from cell body wrap around across of neurons
32
Astrocyte
Regulate blood-brain barrier
33
Ependymal cells
line ventricles of brain. make and circulate cerebral spinal fluid
34
Jobs of Astrocytes
regulate K+ from the ECF by taking it up, take up glutamate and turn it into glutamine, form scar tissue, guide fetal neural development, take glucose from brain capillaries, form blood-brain barrier
35
What substances are highly permeable in the blood-brain barrier?
Water, glucose, lipid-soluble substances (O2, CO2), alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, etc
36
What substances are slightly permeable to the blood brain barrier
Na+, KI+, Cl-, and waste products like urea and creatine
37
Depolarization
voltage becomes less negative
38
Replarization
voltage returns to origanal negative value
39
Hyperpolarization
voltage becomes more negative than RMP
40
Local Potential
Local disturbances in membrane potential – Short range
41
Excitatory
Action potential is more likely to happen
42
Inhibitory
Action potential is less likely to happen
43
action potential
Dramatic, transient change in membrane potential that is propagated down the membrane
44
Absolute refractory period
covering it's ears and saying i'm not listening. Can't respond to stimuli. No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential
45
Relative refractory period
A new action potential can only be triggered with an usually strong stimulus
46
Saltatory Conduction
action potential leaps between nodes of ronvier. alternate between repolarization and depolarization. Jumps over myelin
47
What two factors does signal conduction speed depend on?
Diameter of fiber (larger is faster) and presence of myelin (myelinated is faster)
48
Which is faster thin and unmyelinated or thick and myelinated?
thick and myelinated
49
synapses
small space between two cells, not touching but communicating
50
axodendritic synapse
axon meeting a dendrite
51
axosomatic synapse
axon meeting a soma
52
axoaxonic synapse
two axon terminals interact
53
Steps in Excitatory Cholinergic Synapse
1. Action potential reaches the synaptic knob and opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. 2. Ca2+ influx triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicle, releasing acetylcholine 3. Empty vesicle refills with acetylcholine 4. Acetylcholine diffuses across synaptic cleft to bind to ligand-gated neurotransmitter receptors. Opening of these channels allows Na+ influx and K+ efflux. 5. Na+ influx may start an action potential. 6. Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine.
54
What does Botulism Toxin (Botox) do?
* Prevents the release of acetylcholine due to cleavage of SNARE proteins * Flaccid paralysis
55
Norepinephrine
released by sympahetic nervous system. effects mental/behavior arousal.
56
What receptor does norepinephrine bind to?
Adrenegic receptors
57
Dopamine
in the substantia nigra (mid brain). Initiates movements. Parkinsons disease is caused by degeneration of these neurons. and the ventral tegmental area (mid brain). Emotional reward system and addiction
58
Functions of the Dopamine pathway
Reward, pleasure, motor function, compulsion, perseveration
59
Function of the serotonin pathway
Mood, memory processing, sleep, cognition
60
Glutamate (glutamic acid)
* The major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain (cerebral cortex). Major energy use in the brain. Astrocytes take glutamate from the synaptic cleft to increase glucose uptake and increase blood flow by vasodilation. Needs a local potential to occur before it can be triggered
61
GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)
* Most common neurotransmitter in the brain and is used by 1/3 of the brain’s neurons. * Inhibitory, opening Cl− channels when it binds to its receptor. * Involved in motor control. * Degeneration of GABA-secreting neurons in the cerebellum results in Huntington disease (uncontrolled movements)
62
Neurotransmitter only stays bound to its receptor for about 1 ms and then is cleared by....?
* Diffuse- Astrocytes or satellite cells absorb neurotransmitters * Reuptake- Reuptake transporters (SSIRs) * Degrade- Acetylcholinesterase, monoamine oxidase (dopamine)
63
Local potential
can be a positive or negative signal. Graded, reversible, effects only for a short distance, signal grows weaker with distance. local potential have to get all the way to a trigger point to cause an action potential. Need depolarization -55
64

Physiology (13 decks)

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