Chapter 7 Vocab

Question 1

Fold in rocks that arches upward so older rocks are at the center

Answer 1

Anticline

Question 2

Circular syncline that forms a depression in the ground

Answer 2

Basin

Question 3

Stress that squeezes rocks together

Answer 3

Compression

Question 4

Stress from the wright of material above buried rocks that does not allow the rocks to change shape

Answer 4

Confining stress

Question 5

Change in the shape of rocks due to stress

Answer 5

Deformation

Question 6

Fault in which the dip of the fault plan is inclined relative to the horizontal surface of earth

Answer 6

Dip-slip fault

Question 7

Circular anticline that forms a mound on the ground

Answer 7

Dome

Question 8

Fracture along which one side has moved relative to the other

Answer 8

Fault zone

Question 9

Bend in rocks caused by compression

Answer 9

Fold

Question 10

Block of rocks that is above a dip-slip fault plane

Answer 10

Hanging wall

Question 11

Break in rocks along which there is no movement

Answer 11

Joint

Question 12

Bend in rocks that causes them to be inclined relative to the horizontal

Answer 12

Monocline

Question 13

Dip-slip fault in which the hanging wall drops down relative to the footwall

Answer 13

Normal fault

Question 14

Dip-slip fault in which the hanging wall pushes up relative to the footwall

Answer 14

Reverse fault

Question 15

Parallel stresses on rocks that push them past each other in opposite directions

Answer 15

Shear

Question 16

Distance rocks move along a fault

Answer 16

Slip

Question 17

Force per unit area on rocks

Answer 17

Stress

Question 18

Fault in which the dip of the fault plane is vertical

Answer 18

Strike-slip fault

Question 19

Fold in rocks that bends downward so younger rocks are at the center

Answer 19

Syncline

Question 20

Stress that pulls rocks in opposite directions

Answer 20

Tension

Question 21

Reverse fault in which the dip of the fault plane is nearly horizontal

Answer 21

Thrust fault

Question 22

Height of a wave from the center to the top of a crest

Answer 22

Amplitude

Question 23

Type of seismic wave that travels through earths interior; either a p or s wave

Answer 23

Body wave

Question 24

Highest point of a wave

Answer 24

Crest

Question 25

Ground movement caused by the sudden release of energy stored in rocks

Answer 25

Earthquake

Question 26

Theory that earthquakes occur when rocks break and snap back to the original position after being deformed elastically until they cannot deform any more

Answer 26

Elastic rebound theory

Question 27

Point on the surface directly above the focus of an earthquake

Answer 27

Epicenter

Question 28

Point beneath the surface where rocks break and start an earthquake

Answer 28

Focus

Question 29

Type of seismic wave that travels over the surface and has a side-to-side motion

Answer 29

Love wave

Question 30

Type of seismic wave that travels over the surface and has an up-and-down motion

Answer 30

Rayleigh wave

Question 31

Type of seismic wave that travels through earth and arrives first at a seismometer

Answer 31

Primary wave

Question 32

Type of seismic wave that travels through earth and arrives second at a seismometer

Answer 32

Secondary wave

Question 33

Type of seismic wave that travels along the surface of the ground; either a love wave or Rayleigh wave

Answer 33

Surface wave

Question 34

Lowest point of a wave

Answer 34

Trough

Question 35

Large water wave caused by any shock to ocean water, such as an earthquake, meteorite impact, landslide, or nuclear explosion

Answer 35

Tsunami

Question 36

Horizontal distance between two corresponding points on adjacent waves

Answer 36

Wavelength

Question 37

Scale of earthquake intensity based on what people feel and the extent of damage caused by earthquake

Answer 37

Mercalli intensity scale

Question 38

Scale of earthquake magnitude based on the total amount of energy released by an earthquake

Answer 38

Moment magnitude scale

Question 39

Scale of earthquake magnitude based on the amplitude of the largest seismic wave produced by an earthquake

Answer 39

Richter magnitude scale

Question 40

Paper record of seismic activity produced by a seismograph

Answer 40

Seismogram

Question 41

Older type of device that measures and records seismic waves using a suspended, weighted pen the wires on a drum of paper that moves with ground

Answer 41

Seismograph

Question 42

Modern device that uses electronic motion detectors to measure and record seismic waves and other ground motions

Answer 42

Seismometer

Question 43

For soil to become saturated with water and behave like quicksand

Answer 43

Liquefy