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A&P > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What the 2 classifications of joints?

A

Structural & functional

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of structural classification?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial joints

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3
Q

What joint only has a joint cavity?

A

Synovial Joint

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4
Q

What is structural classification?

A

Focuses on the material binding the bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present

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5
Q

What are 3 types of functional classification?

A

Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

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6
Q

What is structural classification?

A

Based on amount of movement allowed in joint

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7
Q

What is synarthroses?

A

Immovable joint

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8
Q

What is amphiarthroses?

A

Slightly moveable joint

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9
Q

What is diarthroses?

A

Freely moveable joint

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

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11
Q

What is a suture & an example?

A

Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, & bone edges interlocked

Ex: only in skull

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12
Q

What is syndesmoses and an example?

A

Joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures

Ex: short fibers- ligament connecting distal ends of tibia and fibula
Long fibers- ligament like interosseous membrane connecting radius and ulna

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13
Q

What is gomphoses and an example?

A

“Peg-in-socket” fibrous joint

Ex: periodontal ligament holds tooth in place

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14
Q

Name the 2 cartilaginous joints

A

Synchondroses & symphyses

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15
Q

What is synchondroses and an example?

A

Temporary joint; bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones; all synchondroses are immovable

Ex: most common are epiphyseal plates in long bones of children, immovable joint between the costal cartilage of 1st rib and manubrium of sternum

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16
Q

What is symphyses and an example?

A

Fibrocartilage United the bones, acts as shock absorber and permits a limited amount of movement at joint

Ex: pubic symphysis & vertebral discs

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17
Q

What is classified as temporary joints?

A

Synchondroses

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18
Q

What are the general structures that can be found in synovial joints?

A

Articulate cartilage, joint (articular) cavity, articulate capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves & blood vessels

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19
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Glassy-smooth hyaline cartilage covers opposing bone surfaces

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20
Q

What is another name for a joint cavity?

A

Articular cavity

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21
Q

What is a joint cavity?

A

Unique to synovial joints, contains small amounts of synovial fluid; has potential space since it’s almost nonexistent, but expands to create swelling

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22
Q

What is an articular capsule?

A

Joint cavity enclosed by 2 layer joint capsule, encloses joint cavity, external fibrous layer-> dense irregular ct, strengthens joint, inner layer -> synovial membrane loose ct, covers all internal joint surfaces, function -> makes synovial fluid

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23
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

Slippery, occupied all free spaces within joint capsule, viscous egg-white consistency due to hyaluronic acid secreted by cells in synovial membrane, provides slippery, weight-bearing film-> reduces friction between cartilage

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24
Q

What are reinforcing ligaments?

A

Reinforced & strengthened by a number of band like ligaments; capsular ligaments-> thickened parts of fibrous layer, found outside the capsule (extra-capsular ligaments) or deep to it (intracapsular ligaments)-> covered by synovial membrane, don’t lie within joint capsule

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25
Extracapsular ligaments
Found outside the capsule
26
Intracapsular ligaments
Deep; covered by synovial membrane, doesn’t lie within joint capsule
27
What are nerve & blood vessels?
Richly supplied with sensory nerve fibers, detect pain, monitor joint position & stretch, richly supplied with blood vessels
28
What movements do synovial joints allow?
Gliding, angular, rotation
29
What is a gliding joint & where does it occur?
1 flat or nearly flat bone surface glides or slips over another occurs at intercarpal and intertarsal joints & between flat articular processes of vertebrae
30
What is an angular joint & what are the movements?
Increases or decreases the angle between 2 bones Flexion, extension, hyper extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
31
What is rotation and the movements?
Turning of a bone around its own long axis Medial, lateral
32
What determines synovial joint stability?
Shape of articular surface Number & positioning of ligaments Muscle tone
33
What are articular surfaces? What role does it play in stability
Determine what movements are possible at joint Minor role in stability (shallow surfaces less stable than ball-in-socket joint)
34
What are ligaments? What role do they play in stability?
Unite bones & prevent excessive/undesirable motion; more ligaments=stronger joint Limited role in stability
35
What is muscle tone? What role does it play in stability?
Keeps tendons taut (tight) as they cross joints Most important in stability (extremely important in shoulder, knee, & arch of feet)
36
What is the most important role in joint stability?
Muscle Tone
37
What is the least important role in joint stability?
Articular surfaces
38
What plays a limited role in joint stability?
Ligaments
39
Muscle tone is extremely important for what parts of the body?
Shoulder, knee, & arch of feet
40
What are the 6 different types of synovial joints?
Plane joint Hinge joint Pivot joint Condylar joint Saddle joint Ball-in-socket joint
41
Describe plane joint What are examples?
Gliding, nonaxial movement Ex: intercarpals, intertarsals, joint between vertebral articular surfaces
42
Describe hinge joint Give examples
Flexion & extension, uniaxial movement Ex: elbow, interphalangeal joint
43
Describe pivot joint Give examples
Rotational, uniaxial movement Ex: proximal radioulnar joint, atlantoaxial joint
44
Describe condylar joint Give examples
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, biaxial movement Ex:metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, wrist joints
45
Describe saddle joints Give examples
Adduction,abduction, flexion, extension, biaxial movement Ex: carpometacarpal joints of thumbs
46
Describe Ball-in-socket joint Give example
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, multiaxial movement Ex: shoulder & hip joints
47
What are 3 common sport injuries?
Cartilage tears Sprains Dislocations
48
What causes a cartilage tear?
Overdo various exercises, overuse
49
What is a sprain?
Ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn. Common in ankle, knee, & lumbar spine
50
What is a dislocation?
Bones are forced out of alignment, accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and difficulty moving joints
51
What is subluxation?
Partial dislocation
52
What is bursitis? What causes it?
Inflammation of bursa Caused by a blow or friction
53
What is tendinitis? What causes it?
Inflammation of tendon sheaths Caused by overuse
54
What is arthritis?
Describes over 100 different types of inflammatory and degenerative diseases that damage joints
55
What is Osteoarthritis?
Most common chronic arthritis, “wear and tear” arthritis
56
What is the most common type of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis
57
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Chronic inflammatory disorder, affects 3x many women than men
58
Which Arthritis affects 3x as many women than men?
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
59
What is Gouty Arthritis?
Typically affects 1 joint & happens when Uric acid is deposited as needle-shaped irate Chrystal’s in soft tissues of a joint
60
What is Lyme disease? What causes it?
Inflammatory disease caused by spirochete bacteria transmitted by the bite of ticks, often results in joint pain & arthritis
61
What are the characteristics of Lyme disease?
Skin rash, flu-like symptoms, & foggy thinking
62
What inflammatory disease is caused by ticks?
Lyme disease
63
What inflammatory disease is caused by Uric acid deposition in soft tissue?
Gouty Arthritic

A&P (2 decks)

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