Chapter 8

Question 1

What’s semantic/general knowlege?

Answer 1

General world knowlege (washing your hair for example)

Question 2

B

Question 3

What is hierarchal semantic network model?

Answer 3

Netlike organization of concepts (concept nodes connected by links)

Question 4

What are predictions of hierarchical semantic network model?

Answer 4

Reaction time increase with semantic distance (level in heirarchy)
The closer a fact is store to a node, the less time it takes to verify

Question 5

What are conflicting evidence of hierarchical semantic network model?

Answer 5

There is a problem of cognitive economy (ex a shark can move, a fish can move, an animal can move)
There is a problem in hierarchy
(Ex a pig is an animal, a pic is a mammal)
And a problem in typicality effect (ex a Robin is a bird, a Turkey is a bird)

Question 6

What are the models of semantic/general knowlege?

Answer 6

Hierarchical semantic network model, and spreading activation theory

Question 7

What is spreading activation theory?

Answer 7

Is it an elaboration of the hierarchical semantic network model stating that activation spreads out to related nodes, it is not hierarchical

Question 8

What is an example of spreading activation theory?

Answer 8

When a person reads “bread”, they activate semantic nodes and begin thinking of “butter”

Question 9

Who found priming effect?

Answer 9

Meyer & shvaneveldt originally found it

Question 10

What are concepts?

Answer 10

Concepts are mental representation of some objects, events, or pattern. It helps us establish order in our knowlege base
(Ex: when thinking of dog you think of 4 legged animal, that has a tail, a common rep as a man’s best friend, and is a common pet)

Question 11

What is categorization?

Answer 11

Class of similar things (objects or entities). It helps us make predictions and act accordingly.

Question 12

What are the model

Answer 12

Yo mama

Question 13

What is classical view?

Answer 13

Rule based categories. Have precise definitions and features (rather than examples)

Question 14

What is Bruner er al?

Answer 14

Where participants figure out a concept the experimenter has in mind

Question 15

What are the strategies to bruner et ai?

Answer 15

Simultaneous scanning(several hypotheses at once), successive scanning(testing ideas one at a time), and conservative focusing(finding a card of the concept and choosing to test the other based on the one card).

Question 16

What strategy is most successful in Bruner at ai?

Answer 16

Conservative focusing is often most successful

Question 17

What are the problems with classical view?

Answer 17

Typical vs. atypical examples
Chair-furniture? Yes- typical
Bookend-furniture? No-atypical
It is hard to generate lists of features that individually are apart of a category, but don’t really relate

Question 18

What is the prototype view?

Answer 18

People categorize objects based on how similar an object is to the example

Question 19

What is the family resemblance structure of concepts?

Answer 19

When a person shares features with other members, it explain typicality
More features means a stronger resemblance-typical
Few features means a weak resemblance- atypical

Question 20

What is rosch and Mervis?

Answer 20

They had people lost characteristics of objects from superordinate categories such as
Object: chair, car, orange, shirt, gun, peas
Superordinate categories: furniture, vehicle, fruit, clothing, weapon, vegetable

Question 21

What we’re results of rosch and mervis?

Answer 21

Objects sharing many features with superordinate were better example of the category but did not work for all objects

Question 22

What does the prototype view explain?

Answer 22

People categorizing objects based on how similar to the example

Question 23

What are the problems with prototype view?

Answer 23

Some problems are it does not show how to define conceptual boundaries (doesn’t specify clear constraints or boundaries), fsmily resemblance depends on context (there is no certain level of typicality), and typicality rating for well defined categories (ex: odd number 3(typical), vs 57 (atypical)

Question 24

What is the exemplar view?

Answer 24

Individual instances are stored rather and rule or prototype
People typically categorize new things by comparing them to previously stored instances

Question 25

What was the Reber legal vs illegal letter sting experiment? (Implicit learning)

Answer 25

Where participants received legal letter strings with artificial grammar which could not be stated in words.

Question 26

What was the best strategy of reber experiment

Answer 26

To memorize exemplars rather than figuring out the rule

Question 27

What was brooks 5 factors used to promote exemplars?

Answer 27

Task demands that require differentiation between exemplars, repeated exposure to certain exemplars, the number of dimensions (complexity), exemplars belonging to multiple categories, and in natural situations; we do not know what manner we will be called on to rennet particular stimulus

Question 28

What is schema?

Answer 28

A large unit of organized information used for representing concepts, situations, events and actions in memory (larger than individual concept)

Question 29

What is script?

Answer 29

A schema for routine events, ex: “going to a restaurant”, “visiting a dr”. Active processes variable parts are memorable when presented

Question 30

What does schemata/scripts do?

Answer 30

It guides behavior and allows us to make inferences about facts not stated. Central concepts to a script are better remembered then concepts less important

Question 31

What is superordinate?

Answer 31

Name of category

Question 32

What is subordinate?

Answer 32

A member of the category