Chapter 9 Flashcards
(22 cards)
What is the paivio dual coding hypothesis?
Visual imagery increases as a function of concrete was. The more concrete, the richer the image and the more elaborated internal code. Explains why pictures are more remembered than words
What was paivios experiment
Participants asked to learn one of four lists of noun pairs
1.CC- 2 concrete nouns- book-table
2. CA- 1 concrete noun, one abstract noun: chair-justice
3. AC- opposite of test 2: freedom-dress
4. AA- two abstract nouns: beauty-truth.
Results of Paivios experiment
Whenever possible, participants spontaneously formed visual images of the noun pairs- formation easiest with concrete nouns.
1- 11.41/16
2. 10.01/16
3. 7:36/16
4 . 6.05/16
What are the 5 principals of visual imagery?
Implicit encoding, perceptual equivalence, spatial equivalence, transformational equivalence, and structural equivalence
What is implicit coding
Where imagery is latent knowlege in the visual representation is not explicitly encoded and can be obtained even if it was never intentionally stored
What experiment is relevant to implicit encoding?
Brooks (1968): yes/no responding verbally and y/n responding by pointing. Participants took 2.5 longer answering a question when asked to point to Y/N than to verbally say yes or no
What is perceptual equivalence?
Imagery is functionally equivalent to perception: similarities between visual images and perception
What was Farrah (1985) experiment
It pertains to perceptual equivalence. Participants asked to form an image of a certain letter. Some letters were shown with low contrast making it hard to see
What was Farrah (1985) results
Those who imagined a letter first were more accurate at detecting the actual presented letter then they were at detecting another letter. Imagery can prime the visual pathway used in detecting an actual stimulus
What is spatial equivalence?
Arrangements are preserved in mental images
What experiment pertains to spatial equivalence
Kosslyn (1973): mental scanning (image scanning)
What did Kosslyn (1973) experiment consist of?
Participants were asked to form a visual image and scan it. Longer RT would happen due to the number of items in the image that needed to be scanned (ex: for a flower- roots, leaves, petals)
What is transformational equivalence?
Image transformations are like physical transformations- mental rotation
What experiment pertains to transformational equivalence?
Shepard & Metzler (1971)
What was Shepard and metzler experiment?
Was a 3D rotation of unknown objects. Reaction time was the same increase as a function of the angle
What was cooper and Shepard (1973) experiment?
2D rotation of known objects where the cue indicates the orientation to which the test stimulus would be rotated
What is structural equivalence?
Images are constructed in a similar manner to real drawing
What is Kosslyn et ai (1963)?
Pertains to structural equivalence. Participants formed images of pictures that differed in amount of detail. Detailed images take longer to form,
What are the critiques of mental imagery?
Imagery research may be vulnerable to demand characteristics and experimenter expectancy effects (doing what the experimenter wants)
Experimenter expectancy effects
Intons-Peterson (1983):
Experimenter A: imaginal primes would be more effective
Experimenter B: perceptual primes would be more effective
Participants with A: image (better performance)> perception
Participants with B: image < perception (better performance)
What are distorted images?
Mental maps reflect heuristics (rule of thumb)
-which city is further north? Boston or Seattle?
-which city is further eat? Reno or San diego?
What influences images to be disrupted, distorted, or influenced?
Their labels and the viewers interpretation
