chapter 8

Question 1

what are norms?

Answer 1

culturally defined standards of conduct

Question 2

The challenge of defining culture
view of culture presented

Answer 2

social differences
human variation
inequality
subjugation
oppression

Question 3

preliminary definition of culture

Answer 3

a set of common understandings, manifest in act and artifact

customs, laws, dress, architectural style, social standards, and traditions are all examples of cultural elements

Question 4

Enlightenment
historicial tradition- intellectual orientations

Answer 4

rank by logic, reason, technology

Question 5

romantic
historical traditions- intellectual orientations

Answer 5

all people/cultures are relatively equal

charge of ‘political correctness’ by some but not about app;ying different standards to different people

Question 6

biological determinism

Answer 6

the attempt to differentiate social behavior largely on the basis of biological and genetic endowment

Question 7

cultural relativism (romantic)

Answer 7

just differences in culture that reflect different frameworks of meaning and understanding and thus results in different lifestyles and ways of living

Question 8

human agency

Answer 8

is central in terms of the debate about the extent to which individuals have the power to influence culture vs be shpaed by it; agency (voluntarism) vs structure (determinsim)

Question 9

materialist perspective

Answer 9

emphasis on environment, technology, and economy’s role in creating, maintaining, and changing culture

marxism
neo-marxist critical theory
cultural ecology

Question 10

mentalist perspective

Answer 10

create, maintain, and cha ge culture based on their beliefs, values, language, and symbolic representations

interpretive antropology
culturalism
structuralism
post-structuralism
post-modernism

Question 11

what are 3 major culture types

Answer 11

traditional culture
modern culture
postmodernism

Question 12

traditional culture

Answer 12

pre modern culture
preindustrial societies based on subsistence agriculture

Question 13

modern culture

Answer 13

characterized by rationality, industrialization, urbanization, and capitalism of the 20th century

Question 14

postmodernism

Answer 14

contemporary culture characterized by global electronic communications

Question 15

practice orientation

Answer 15

wants t pexplain what poepel do; how do social systems shape values, beliefs, and behavior; how do people perpetuate or change culture

history
soical structure
human agency

Question 16

history

Answer 16

includes chains of events and experiences to which people react…. ‘choices’ made by people but within unchosen constraints

Question 17

structure

Answer 17

ordered forms and systems of human behavior in public life
(capitalism, kinship, public education)

Question 18

Human agency

Answer 18

people are participants, capable of exercising theirs will to shape their lives (not merely puppets)

Question 19

values

Answer 19

beliefs about what is important or unimportant, desirable or undesirable, and right or wrong (normative)

not shared by all

Question 20

ideology

Answer 20

set of shared beliefs that explain the social world and guide people’s actions, especially in relation to economic and political theory and policy

how the ways things are or should work

Question 21

symbols

Answer 21

something that stands for something else
in baptism, water stands for something sacred and holy

verbal (language) nonverbal (standing for national anthem) artifact (flag)

Question 22

language

Answer 22

system of words or signs used to express thoughts and feelings

types- spoken, written, nonverbal

Question 23

norms

Answer 23

culturally defined standards of conduct/behavior reinforced sanctions
folkways- desirable behavior, not strictly enforced
mores- hold moral siginigance, more important

Question 24

subculture

Answer 24

involve poeple who accept much of the dominant culture but distinguish themselves by one or more culturally significant characterisitics

Question 25

counterculture

Answer 25

differs in significant ways from dominant culture, also rejects norms and values of the larger culture amish, Ku Klux Klan

Question 26

ideal culture vs real culture

Answer 26

ideal: values and practices that are considered desirable real: what people actually think and do may not be realized; ignored

Question 27

Ethnocentrism

Answer 27

belief that one's own culture is normal, natural, and superior to othercultures creates misunderstandings

Question 28

cultural relativism

Answer 28

calls t osuspend judgement of other cultural values and practices in order to undersand them in their own cultural context don't need to accept or agree with cultural practices- it's about underssntading them and being self-reflective

Question 29

cultural humility

Answer 29

an individual's culture has pros and cons too; other cultures should not be judged

Question 30

prejudice

Answer 30

unjustifiable negative thoughts or attitudes about another person/group

Question 31

stereotypes

Answer 31

general characteristics ascribed to a group of people

Question 32

implicit bias

Answer 32

unconscious positive or negative attitudes for one group over another

Question 33

xenophobia

Answer 33

fear/hatred of foreigners of foreign things (often the result of ethnocentrism) patriotism vs nationalism

Question 34

power

Answer 34

ability to act in a chosen way and to direct or influence the behavior of others can create an imbalance between groups when power is not equal

Question 35

hegemony

Answer 35

ability of a dominant group to obtain consent and agreement to cultural values and norms without use or threat of force critical theory perspective

Question 36

race

Answer 36

systems of classification using certain physical characteristics to divide people into supposedly discrete groups system is flawed no genetically distinct groups of people

Question 37

ethnicity

Answer 37

sense of cultural, histroical, and ancestral connection to a group of people

Question 38

ethnic identity

Answer 38

part of identity derived from one's sense of being part of an ethnic group

Question 39

assimilation

Answer 39

minority groups/immigrants expected to adipt new culture's norm

Question 40

mulitcultiralism

Answer 40

minority groups/ immigrants retain original ethnic culture and pick up new culture

Question 41

ethnic cleansing

Answer 41

ridding area of minorities

Question 42

gender

Answer 42

culturally created sex is biologically determined intersex: individuals with bodies not clearly female or male male and female stereotypes contribute to gender

Question 43

social class

Answer 43

based on wealth, income, and social position which produces unequal access to resources

Question 44

culture of poverty

Answer 44

poverty creates beliefs, values, and behaviors that reingorce pverty despite economic improvements

Question 45

redlining

Answer 45

denying loans to minorities in certain areas for racist reasons

Question 46

Disability and three types of models

Answer 46

what is seen as a disability is culturally influenced traditional model medical model social model

Question 47

traditional model

Answer 47

seen as unfortunate or damaged; solution is to isolate or segregate them

Question 48

medical model

Answer 48

seen as having a medical condition; solution is to isolate or segregate them

Question 49

social model

Answer 49

environment creates the perception of impairment; solution is to fix the environment

Question 50

innovation

Answer 50

new idea, tool, or method primary- creation, invention, or chance discovery secondary- new application or modification of something old

Question 51

diffusion

Answer 51

how ideas, tools, and methods spread

Question 52

cultural loss

Answer 52

existing tool, idea, or method is lost

Question 53

Assimilation

Answer 53

cultural uniqueness of minorities is abandoned and members try to blend into the dominant culture

Question 54

accommodation

Answer 54

partial or selective cultural change. Non-dominant groups follow norms, rules, and standards of the dominant culture only in specific circumstances and contexts

Question 55

acculturation

Answer 55

mutual sharing of culture; groups remain distinct, but certain elements of culture change through exchange