Chapter 8 Flashcards
introduction to tissues (101 cards)
1
Q
what are all tissues surrounded by?
A
matrix
2
Q
what is histology?
A
biology of tissues
3
Q
what’s the function of epithelial tissues? (4)
A
-covers and protects body surfaces
- it lines body cavities
- it forms glands
- and transports substances
4
Q
what are examples of epithelial tissues? (3)
A
- outer layer of skin
- glands of body
- lining of respiratory, urinary, reproductive, digestive tracts
5
Q
what are the functions of connective tissue? (3)
A
- supports body structures
- protects from foreign invaders
- transports substances through the body
6
Q
what are some examples of connective tissues? (6)
A
- bones
- fat
-blood - joint cartilage
- tendons
- ligaments
7
Q
What are the functions of muscle tissue? (3)
A
- produces body movements
- produces heat in the body
- produces movement of organs like the heart and stomach
8
Q
what are some examples of muscle tissue? (3)
A
- heart muscle
- muscles of head, neck, arms, legs
- muscles in walls of hollow organs like stomach or intestines
9
Q
What are the functions of nervous tissue? (2)
A
- allows communication of the body parts
- regulates the body functions
10
Q
what are some examples of nervous tissue? (3)
A
- tissue of brain and spinal cord
- nerves
- sensory organs
11
Q
why is body composition assessed?
A
to identify percentages of fat and lean tissue
12
Q
within 2 weeks after conception cells of offspring move and regroup into…
A
3 primary germ layers
13
Q
what are the 3 primary germ layers?
A
endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.
14
Q
endoderm examples (6)
A
- tooth enamel
- nasal cavity
- facial bones
- pituitary gland
- brain and spinal cord
- lens and cornea of the eye
15
Q
mesoderm examples (5)
A
- many glands
- circulatory system
- bones except for facial
- kidneys
- muscle
16
Q
ectoderm examples ( 4)
A
- tonsils
- thyroid gland
- thymus gland
- lining of lungs
17
Q
what is histogenesis?
A
process where cells in each germ layer become more differentiated to form specific tissues
18
Q
what are stem cells?
A
special kind of undifferentiated cell
19
Q
what are embryonic stem cells?
A
cells that can reproduce many different kinds of offspring cells including stem cells
- which populates the body with different cells and tissues needed for body function
20
Q
what are adult stem cells?
A
undifferentiated cells found in a differentiated mature tissue
21
Q
what can adult stem cells produce?
A
any specialized cell types in their particular tissue.
22
Q
some adult stem cells can be coaxed into producing a variety of different cells. what’s an example of this?
A
blood-cell producing stem cells from bone marrow have been used to help repair damaged muscle tissue in animals
23
Q
internal fluid environment of homeostasis fills spaces between…..
A
cells of the body
24
Q
what is the extracellular matrix ECM?
A
fluid material between the cells
25
what's the texture of the ECM?
not just water more like a gel/jelly
- different proteins and proteoglycans can give it many different consistencies
26
example of the range of consistencies:
- bone and cartilage is a solid firm gel that contributes to strength
- plasma is mostly water and flows easily but can form fibers under circumstances to form clots
27
what protein fibers are in the ECM?
collagen and elastin
28
structure of collagen:
occurs in twisted bundles that provide strength
29
what's the most abundant protein compound?
collagen
30
what are reticular fibers?
they support small structures like blood capillaries
31
what's the basement membrane?
thin connection between a sheet of epithelial cells and underlying fibrous connective tissue formation of connecting tissues
32
The basement membrane can serve as filters to...
regulate movement of particles by size
- ex: controls which particles can move across walls of blood capillaries
33
what's elastin?
a protein which returns to its original length after being stretched.
- rubbery substance
34
example of elastin:
found in stretchy tissues like external ear cartilage
35
example of ECM that hold tissue in a single mass
skeletal muscle
36
example of ECM that doesn't bind to tissue cells:
fluid of plasma, it doesn't hold blood tissue in a solid mass at all
37
what does damaged tissue do?
regenerate and are replaced by scars
38
How do tissues repair themselves?
they allow phagocytic cells to remove dead or injured cells and filling gaps that are left
39
what is regeneration?
growth of new functional tissues
40
which of the 4 major tissues have the greatest capacity to regenerate?
epithelial and connective
41
what's a scar?
dense fibrous mass and occurs when mass is large or deep
42
what's a keloid?
unusually thick scar that may develop in lower layer of skin
43
which of the 4 major tissues has limited capacity when it comes to regeneration?
muscle and nervous
44
what happens when damaged muscle is replaced by connective tissue?
organ involved loses some or all function
45
do adult brain neurons grow back when injured?
almost never
46
example of nerve tissue damage:
serious brain and spinal cord injuries result in at least some permanent damage
47
what is inflammation?
natural process that reacts to injuries and promotes healing
48
what is a membrane?
thin, sheetlike structure that has many important functions
49
functions of a membrane(3)
- cover and protects body surface
- line body cavities
- cover inner surface of hollow organs
50
what does membrane lubrication do?
reduces friction during organ movements and between bones and joints
51
what are the two major body membranes?
epithelial and connective
52
what is the epithelial membrane?
its composed of epithelial tissues and glued by a basement membrane to a layer of supportive connective tissue
53
what are the three types of epithelial membranes?
cutaneous, serious, mucous
54
what's the cutaneous membrane?
it covers body surfaces that are exposed to the external environment (skin)
55
what's the largest/visible and important organ?
skin
56
what's the serious membrane?
lines cavities that aren't open to the external environment and covers many organs inside these cavities
57
what two layers of tissue is the serious membrane composed of?
-epithelial sheet
- connective tissue layer that holds and supports epithelial cells
58
example of serious membranes: (2)
pleura which surround a lung and lines the thoracic cavity
- peritoneum which lines the abdominal cavity
59
what's the mucous membrane?
epithelial membrane that lines body surfaces opening directly to exterior
60
example of mucous membrane: (1)
lining of respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts
61
what do mucous membranes produce?
a film of mucus that coats and protects underlying cells
62
example of mucus: (1)
lubricant for food as it moves along the digestive tract
63
what is mucus?
watery secretion that contains a mixture of mucins
64
what are mucins?
group of 2 dozen different proteoglycans
65
how are connective tissues different from epithelial tissues?
they dont consist of epithelial components
66
what is the synovial membrane?
lines space between bones and joints that move and are classified as connective tissue membranes
67
what does the synovial membrane produce?
synovial fluid
68
what is synovial fluid?
thick, colorless, lubricating fluid
69
what are macrophages?
phagocytic immune cells
70
what protects synovial joints from infection and inflammation of the arthritis?
specialized macrophages
71
what does the cutaneous membrane(skin) produce fluid wise
sweat
72
what's the function of the skin?
protection
73
what fluid does the serous membrane produce?
serous fluid
74
what's the serious membranes function?
lubrication
75
what's the function of the mucous membrane?
protection and lubrication
76
what's the function of the synovial membrane?
holds the joints together
- lubrication
77
what's the main goal for tissues and membranes?
maintaining homeostasis
78
what do epithelial tissues do?
promote constancy of body's internal environment
79
what do connective tissues do?
hold organs and systems together to form a connected body
80
what are the 4 main signs of inflammation?
-redness
- heat
- swelling
- pain
81
what is a neoplasm(tumor)?
any unusual growth of cells
82
what are benign tumors?
tumors that don't spread to other tissues
83
what are malignant tumors?
cancers that tend to spread to other regions of the body
84
example of malignant tumors: (1)
breast cancer
85
what is metastasis?
cell migration by lymphatic or blood vessels
86
what are carcinomas?
malignant tumors that arise from epithelial tissues
87
example of carcinoma? (1)
melanoma; cancer of skin pigment cells
88
what is a sarcoma?
malignant tumors that arise from connective tissuesex
89
example of sarcoma: 1
osteosarcoma; bone cancer
90
what does cancer involve?
uncontrolled cell divisionw
91
what is hyperplasia?
too many cells
92
what is anaplasia?
abnormal cells
93
what is a carcinogen?
agents that affect genetic activity and cause atypical cell reproduction and sometimes are mutagens
94
what are mutagens?
cause changes/ mutations in cells DNA structure
95
what's an example of carcinogens? (1)
tobacco products
96
why is early detection important?
its when the cancer is most treatable
97
what are some ways to detect cancer? (3)
- blood tests
- self examination
- medical imaging
98
what is a biopsy?
removal and examinatio0n of living tissue
99
what is staging cancer?
classifying tumors based on size and spread
100
what is grading cancer?
probably outcome
101
what does radiation, chemo, and laser therapy do?
gets rid of the rest of the cancer after removal
