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Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Biologic effects of radiation that occur relatively soon after humans receive high doses of ionizing radiation

A

Early Effects

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2
Q

Not common in diagnostic imaging
Produced by a substantial dose of ionizing radiation

A

Early Effects

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3
Q

Substantial evidence of the consequences of such effects comes from numerous laboratory animal studies and data from observation of some irradiated human populations

A

early effects

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4
Q

are effects upon the body that was irradiated

A

somatic effects

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5
Q

are effects upon future generations because of irradiation of germ cells in previous generations

A

genetic effects

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6
Q

Biologic damage sustained by living organisms (such as humans) as a consequence of exposure to ionizing radiation

A

somatic effects

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7
Q

Depending upon the length of time from the moment of irradiation to the first appearance of symptoms of radiation damage, the effects are classified as either

A

Early somatic effects
Late somatic effects

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8
Q

-minutes
-hours
-days
-couple weeks

A

early effects

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9
Q

-high dose of ionizing radiation
-not common
-substantial dose

A

early effects

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10
Q

when the radiation dose is increased what happens to the biologic damage

A

increased biologic damage

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11
Q

a point at which they begin to appear and below which they are absent

A

threshold

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12
Q

Vary depending on the duration of time after exposure to ionizing radiation

A

Early Tissue Reactions

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13
Q

what does the amount of biologic damage depend on ?

A

The amount of biologic damage depends on the actual absorbed dose of ionizing radiatio

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14
Q

no tolerance

A

nonthreshold

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15
Q

tolerate up to a certain point

A

threshold

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16
Q

Appear within minutes, hours, days, or weeks of the time of radiation exposure

A

early tissue reactions

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17
Q

Requires a substantial dose of ionizing radiation to produce these biologic changes soon after irradiation

A

early tissue reactions

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18
Q

true or false
With the exception of certain lengthy high-dose-rate procedures, diagnostic imaging examinations do not usually impose radiation doses sufficient to cause early tissue reactions

A

true

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19
Q

list some high dose effects of early tissue reactions

A

High-dose effects include nausea, fatigue, erythema, epilation, blood disorders, intestinal disorders, fever, dry and moist desquamation, depressed sperm count in the male, temporary or permanent sterility in the male and female, and injury to the central nervous system (at extremely high radiation doses)

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20
Q

can result in many of these manifestations or organic damage occurring in succession (acute radiation syndrome)

A

Whole-body dose of 6 Gyt

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21
Q

Radiation sickness

A

ARS

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22
Q

Occurs in humans after whole-body reception of large doses of ionizing radiation delivered over a short period of time

A

ars

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23
Q

what does ars stand for

A

acute radiation syndrome

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24
Q

Data from epidemiologic studies of human populations exposed to doses of ionizing radiation sufficient to cause ARS have been obtained from

A

Atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Marshall Islanders who were inadvertently subjected to high levels of fallout during an atomic bomb test in 1954
Nuclear radiation accident victims such as those injured in the 1986 Chernobyl disaster
Patients who have undergone radiation therap

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25
is a collection of symptoms associated with high-level radiation exposure
ARS
26
how many separate dose related syndromes occur as part of the total body syndrome
three separate dose-related syndromes occur as part of the total-body syndrome
27
Symptoms of ARS
-Hematopoietic syndrome (bone marrow syndrome) -gastrointestinal syndrome -cerebrovascular syndrome
28
most radiation sensitive out of the three symptoms of ARS
Hematopoietic syndrome (bone marrow syndrome
29
-from 1 to 10 Gy -damage to the body (1-2 gry recover in a couple weeks or months) (5-6 gry w/o med = death)
Hematopoietic syndrome (bone marrow syndrome
30
*Appears at a threshold dose of approximately 6 Gyt and peaks after a dose of 10 Gyt *Damage to the body
Gastrointestinal syndrome
31
*Results from doses of 50 Gyt or more *Damage to the body
Cerebrovascular syndrome
32
signs of gastrointestinal syndrome:
Severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, lethargy, anemia, leukopenia, hemorrhage, infection, electrolytic imbalance, and emaciation
33
symptoms of cerebrovascular syndrome
Same as hematopoietic and gastrointestinal, plus excessive nervousness, confusion, lack of coordination, loss of vision, burning sensation of the skin, loss of consciousness, disorientation, shock, periods of agitation alternating with stupor, edema, loss of equilibrium, meningitis, prostration, respiratory distress, vasculitis, coma
34
symptoms of prodomal
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, leukopenia
35
average survival time of Hematopoietic
6–8 wk (doses over 2 Gyt)
36
symptoms of Hematopoietic
Nausea; vomiting; diarrhea; decrease in number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the circulating blood; hemorrhage; infection
37
symptoms of latent phase
none
38
average survival time of gastrointestinal stage
3-10 days
39
average survival time of cerebrovascular
several hours to 2-3 days
40
what is the most sensitive in the gi tract
small intestine
41
what are the stages of acute radiation lethality
-prodromal (first stage) -latent (second stage) -hematopoietic (manifest) -gastrointestinal (manifest) -cerebrovascular (manifest) -recovery
42
ARS presents in four major response stages:
Prodromal, or initial, stage Latent period Manifest illness Recovery or death
43
lethal dose for people without being medicated
LD 50/30
44
what is the estimated dose for humans
For adult humans the estimated dose is 3.0 to 4.0 Gy
45
LD 50/30 Signifies the whole-body dose of radiation that can be lethal to 50% of the exposed population within 30 days
Lethal dose
46
Location of nuclear power plant Date of accidentDescription of events Use of biologic criteria in the identification of radiation casualties during the first 2 days after the accident Impact of accident on workers, firefighters, and local residents Doses of ionizing radiation received Dose assessment as determined from biologic dosimetry
ARS and the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident
47
Human population affected by ARS as a consequence of war Follow-up studies of survivors who did not die of ARS demonstrated late tissue reactions and stochastic effects of ionizing radiation. Created an awareness of the need for a thorough understanding of ARS and appropriate medical support of persons affected
ARS as a Consequence of the Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasak
48
another name for non linear
sigmoid
49
lethal dose for humans when medicated
LD 50/60 may be more accurate for humans
50
when there is more oxygen is it easier or harder to repair
easier
51
Because cells contain a repair mechanism inherent in their biochemistry (repair enzymes), repair and recover can occur when cells are exposed to sublethal doses of ionizing radiation. After this level of irradiation, surviving cells will be able to divide and thereby begin to repopulate in the irradiated organ. This process permits an organ that has sustained functional damage as a result of radiation exposure to regain some or most of its useful ability
repair and recovery
52
how much radiation induced damage will be irreparable
10 percent
53
how much radiation induced damage will be repaired over time
remaining 90 percent
54
what type effect does repeated injuries have
culmultive effect
55
In the repair of sublethal damage, cells that are oxygenated, which as a result receive more nutrients, have a better prospect for recovery than do hypoxic, or poorly oxygenated, cells that consequently receive fewer nutrients.
repair and recovery
56
consequence to atrophy
Organs and tissues sustaining such damage may lose their ability to function, or they may recover
57
A destructive response in biologic tissue can occur when any part of the human body receives a high radiation dose. Significant cell death usually results after such a substantial partial-body exposure. This leads to atrophy of organs and tissues.
local tissue damage
58
If recovery occurs, it may be partial or complete, depending on the type of cells involved and the dose of radiation received. If organ and tissue recovery fails to occur, necrosis, or death, of the irradiated biologic structure results
local tissue death
59
organ and tissue response to radiation exposure depends on :
-radiosensitivity -reproductive characteristics -growth rate
60
three layers of the skin
-epidermis (outer layer) -dermis (middle layer) -hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
61
accessory structures of the skin include:
-hair follicles -sensory receptors -sebaceous glands -sweat glands
62
what dose will cause erythema with in 24 to 48 hours
2Gy
63
true or false skin constantly regenerating
true
64
medical term for peeling skin, which occurs when the body sheds dead skin cells from the epidermis, the outermost layer of skin
Desquamation
65
skin condition that occurs when someone is exposed to ionizing radiation
radiodermatitis
66
epilation or loss of hair
alopecia
67
-moderate doses of radiation may result in temporary hair loss -large doses of radiation may result in permanent hair loss
alopecia
68
Epilation or loss of hair (alopecia) Moderate doses of radiation may result in temporary hair loss. Large doses of radiation may result in permanent hair loss. Historical evidence of treating skin diseases such as ringworm Grenz rays Oncology patients receiving orthovoltage radiation therapy treatment have demonstrated significant evidence of skin damage. Cardiovascular or therapeutic interventional procedures that use high-level fluoroscopy for extended periods of time can cause significant effects on the ski
effects on the skin
69
Gonadal dose that can depress the male sperm population or cause a genetic mutation in future generations Gonadal dose that may delay or suppress menstruation in the female
Radiosensitivity of human germ cell
70
Gonadal dose of ionizing radiation that will cause temporary sterility in the male and in the female Gonadal dose of ionizing radiation that will cause permanent sterility in the male and in the femal
effects on the reproductive system
71
true or false females more sensitive than males
true
72
true or false as you get older, even more sensitive your reproductive organs are
true
73
what is temp sterility
3
74
permanent sterility is
5
75
male germ cels from most sensitive to least sensitive
spermatogenia spermatocyte spermatid sperm
76
female germ cells from most sensitive to least sensitive
primordial follicle mature follicle corpus luteum ovum
77
true or false During the 1920s and 1930s, periodic blood counts were the only means of monitoring workers engaged in radiologic practices
true
78
what dose do you see start seeing changes in your blood
0.25
79
made the practice of requiring periodic blood counts for monitoring radiation damage obsolete.
Use of personnel dosimeters for monitoring of occupational exposure
80
Radiation protection programs have long since abandoned relying on
hematologic depression as a means for monitoring imaging personnel to assess whether they have sustained any degree of radiation damage from occupational exposure
81
Consists of bone marrow, circulating blood, and lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland)
Hematopoietic System
82
Cells of this system all develop from a single precursor cell, the pluripotential stem cell
Hematopoietic System
83
is the study of cell genetics with emphasis on cell chromosomes
Cytogenetics
84
A cytogenetic analysis of chromosomes may be accomplished through the use of a chromosome map called
a karyotype. This map consists of a photograph or photomicrograph
85
is the phase of cell division in which chromosome damage caused by radiation exposure can be evaluated. Chromosome aberrations and chromatid aberrations have been observed at metaphase
Metaphase
86
Radiosensitivity of lymphocytes, neutrophils, granulocytes, thrombocytes (platelets), and erythrocytes
Hematopoietic System

Rad Bio (9 decks)

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