Chapter 8

Question 1

What are the three distinct phases of interphase in a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 1

G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), G2 (Gap 2)

Interphase is a crucial part of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for division.

Question 2

What occurs during interphase?

Answer 2

Cell growth, DNA duplication, preparation for mitosis

These processes are vital for successful cell division.

Question 3

True or False: Interphase consists of a single phase.

Answer 3

False

Interphase includes multiple phases: G1, S, and G2.

Question 4

Fill in the blank: Interphase includes _______ phases.

Answer 4

three

The phases are G1, S, and G2.

Question 5

What is incorrect about Option 1 regarding interphase?

Answer 5

It states there is only 1 phase

This is incorrect because interphase consists of multiple phases.

Question 6

What is incorrect about Option 2 regarding interphase?

Answer 6

It includes the M phase (mitosis)

The M phase is not part of interphase.

Question 7

What is incorrect about Option 4 regarding interphase?

Answer 7

It omits the G2 phase

G2 is an essential part of interphase.

Question 8

What is interphase?

Answer 8

A critical phase in the cell cycle of eukaryotic cells where the cell prepares for division

Interphase consists of three distinct phases: G1, S, and G2.

Question 9

What are the three distinct phases of interphase?

Answer 9

• G1 (Gap 1)
• S (Synthesis)
• G2 (Gap 2)

Each phase has specific functions in preparation for cell division.

Question 10

What occurs during the G1 phase of interphase?

Answer 10

The cell grows and synthesizes proteins

This phase is essential for cell growth and preparation for DNA replication.

Question 11

What happens during the S phase of interphase?

Answer 11

DNA is replicated

This phase is crucial for ensuring that each daughter cell receives an accurate copy of the genome.

Question 12

What occurs during the G2 phase of interphase?

Answer 12

The cell continues to grow and prepares for mitosis

This phase involves the synthesis of proteins required for mitosis and further cell growth.

Question 13

What is parthenogenesis?

Answer 13

Asexual reproduction where an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual.

Question 14

In which group of animals is parthenogenesis particularly unusual?

Answer 14

Vertebrates.

Question 15

Which species of lizard is highlighted for its parthenogenetic reproduction?

Answer 15

Komodo dragon.

Question 16

What notable case study is mentioned regarding parthenogenesis?

Answer 16

A female Komodo dragon raised in captivity laid unfertilized eggs that hatched into baby lizards.

Question 17

Name two other organisms that reproduce through parthenogenesis.

Answer 17

• Hammerhead sharks
• Crayfish
• Aphids

Question 18

How does the note define parthenogenesis in relation to reproduction?

Answer 18

As a form of asexual reproduction.

Question 19

What behaviors in female lizards can trigger hormonal changes leading to parthenogenesis?

Answer 19

Rubbing against other females.

Question 20

What are the two types of sex chromosomes mentioned?

Answer 20

X and Y

Question 21

What is the term for the pair of chromosomes that are not always the same?

Answer 21

Sex chromosomes

Question 22

What type of determination is mentioned in relation to sex chromosomes?

Answer 22

Chromosomal sex determination

Question 23

Which chromosomes are mentioned as examples of chromosomal sex determination?

Answer 23

Mammalian and bird chromosomes

Question 24

What is an example of a chromosome where different types of genes might be found?

Answer 24

Chromosome 1

Question 25

Fill in the blank: The genes for color and hemoglobin might be located on chromosome 1, but they can have different types such as _______.

Answer 25

blue bi-color and brown

Question 26

What are chromosomes called when they have the same genes but potentially different types?

Answer 26

Homologous chromosomes

Question 27

A display of condensed chromosomes is a(n)

Answer 27

karyotype ## Footnote A karyotype is used to study chromosomal abnormalities.

Question 28

What are the two identical copies of DNA called during DNA replication in a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 28

Sister chromatids ## Footnote Sister chromatids are formed during the S phase of the cell cycle when DNA is replicated.

Question 29

What is the haploid number of humans?

Answer 29

23

Question 30

What is the haploid number of humans?

Answer 30

23

Question 31

What attaches to the kinetochores during metaphase?

Answer 31

Spindle fibers ## Footnote Spindle fibers are structures that help separate chromosomes during cell division.

Question 32

During which phase do chromosomes align at the equatorial plate of the cell?

Answer 32

Metaphase ## Footnote Metaphase is a stage in cell division where chromosomes are lined up before being separated.

Question 33

Fill in the blank: The correct answer is _______.

Answer 33

metaphase ## Footnote Metaphase is a crucial phase in the process of mitosis.

Question 34

What is parthenogenesis?

Answer 34

Asexual reproduction where an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual.

Question 35

In which type of organisms does parthenogenesis primarily occur?

Answer 35

Invertebrates and some vertebrates.

Question 36

Which species of lizard is mentioned as an example of parthenogenesis?

Answer 36

A species of lizard (specific species not provided).

Question 37

What notable case study is highlighted regarding parthenogenesis?

Answer 37

A female Komodo dragon raised in captivity that laid unfertilized eggs, which hatched into baby lizards.

Question 38

Fill in the blank: Parthenogenesis is a form of _______ reproduction.

Answer 38

asexual

Question 39

True or False: Parthenogenesis is common in vertebrates.

Answer 39

False

Question 40

What are the two specific vertebrates discussed in relation to parthenogenesis?

Answer 40

Komodo dragons and hammerhead sharks.

Question 41

What phenomenon does parthenogenesis illustrate in the context of reproduction?

Answer 41

Asexual reproduction.

Question 42

What is parthenogenesis?

Answer 42

Asexual reproduction where an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual.

Question 43

In which type of organisms does parthenogenesis primarily occur?

Answer 43

Invertebrates and some vertebrates.

Question 44

Which species of lizard is mentioned as an example of parthenogenesis?

Answer 44

A species of lizard (specific species not provided).

Question 45

What notable case study is highlighted regarding parthenogenesis?

Answer 45

A female Komodo dragon raised in captivity that laid unfertilized eggs, which hatched into baby lizards.

Question 46

Fill in the blank: Parthenogenesis is a form of _______ reproduction.

Answer 46

asexual

Question 47

True or False: Parthenogenesis is common in vertebrates.

Answer 47

False

Question 48

What are the two specific vertebrates discussed in relation to parthenogenesis?

Answer 48

Komodo dragons and hammerhead sharks.

Question 49

What phenomenon does parthenogenesis illustrate in the context of reproduction?

Answer 49

Asexual reproduction.

Question 52

What is the case study discussed in the note?

Answer 52

A female Komodo dragon raised in captivity that laid unfertilized eggs, which hatched into baby lizards. ## Footnote This example illustrates parthenogenesis in reptiles.

Question 53

Name three other organisms that reproduce through parthenogenesis.

Answer 53

* Hammerhead sharks * Crayfish * Aphids ## Footnote These examples demonstrate that parthenogenesis is not limited to one species.

Question 54

What type of reproduction is parthenogenesis classified as?

Answer 54

A form of asexual reproduction. ## Footnote Asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion of gametes.

Question 55

What behavior in female lizards can trigger hormonal changes leading to parthenogenesis?

Answer 55

Rubbing against other females. ## Footnote This behavior is linked to hormonal triggers that facilitate asexual reproduction.

Question 56

What are replication errors?

Answer 56

Errors that occur during DNA replication, significant in organisms with high cell division rates like bacteria.

Question 57

What are environmental insults in the context of DNA?

Answer 57

External factors that can damage DNA and lead to mutations.

Question 58

What are mutagens?

Answer 58

Substances or agents that cause mutations in DNA.

Question 59

True or False: Mutagens can be carcinogenic.

Answer 59

True

Question 60

Fill in the blank: Mutagens are also known as _______.

Answer 60

[cancer-causing agents]

Question 61

Why are replication errors more common in certain organisms?

Answer 61

They are more common in organisms with high cell division rates.

Question 62

List two sources of mutations in DNA.

Answer 62

* Replication errors * Environmental insults

Question 63

What is parthenogenesis?

Answer 63

Asexual reproduction where an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual.

Question 64

In which organisms is parthenogenesis unusually observed?

Answer 64

Vertebrates, particularly in lizards.

Question 65

What notable case study is highlighted regarding parthenogenesis?

Answer 65

A female Komodo dragon raised in captivity laid unfertilized eggs that hatched into baby lizards.

Question 66

Name some organisms that reproduce through parthenogenesis.

Answer 66

* Hammerhead sharks * Crayfish * Aphids

Question 67

How do certain behaviors in female lizards trigger parthenogenesis?

Answer 67

By causing hormonal changes through actions like rubbing against other females.

Question 68

What are replication errors in DNA?

Answer 68

Errors that occur during DNA replication, more significant in organisms with high cell division rates.

Question 69

What are mutagens?

Answer 69

Substances or agents that cause mutations in DNA.

Question 70

What is the relationship between mutagens and carcinogens?

Answer 70

Mutagens can be carcinogenic, meaning they can cause cancer.

Question 71

What is HPV?

Answer 71

Human Papillomavirus, a sexually transmitted virus that causes almost all cervical cancers.

Question 72

What is the potential impact of widespread HPV vaccination?

Answer 72

It could potentially eradicate cervical cancer.

Question 73

List cancers that HPV can lead to beyond cervical cancer.

Answer 73

* Penile cancer * Anal cancer * Throat cancer

Question 74

What happens when HPV integrates its DNA into a host's cell?

Answer 74

It causes the host cell to replicate and produce new viruses, disrupting cell cycle control genes.

Question 75

What are proto-oncogenes?

Answer 75

Genes that promote cell division and growth; mutations can lead to oncogenes causing uncontrolled growth.

Question 76

What role do tumor suppressor genes play?

Answer 76

They prevent uncontrolled cell growth by triggering apoptosis when DNA damage is detected.

Question 77

What are BRCA genes associated with?

Answer 77

DNA repair; mutations increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers.

Question 78

What is the function of the p53 gene?

Answer 78

It regulates cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, preventing cancer development.

Question 79

What is a significant risk factor for lung cancer?

Answer 79

Cigarette smoke, which damages DNA and increases cancer risk.

Question 80

What are cilia in the trachea?

Answer 80

Tiny hair-like structures that help move mucus and trapped particles out of the lungs.

Question 81

What is the main function of the lymphatic system?

Answer 81

Fight infections and remove waste products from the body.

Question 82

What is pus composed of?

Answer 82

Dead white blood cells and other cellular matter.

Question 83

Fill in the blank: The _______ system is the secondary circulatory system.

Answer 83

Lymphatic

Question 84

What happens to white blood cells in lymph nodes during an infection?

Answer 84

They multiply.

Question 85

True or False: Cancer development involves the accumulation of multiple mutations.

Answer 85

True

Question 86

What is the five-year survival rate trend for many types of cancers?

Answer 86

It has improved significantly over recent years.

Question 87

What are environmental insults in the context of DNA mutations?

Answer 87

External factors that can damage DNA and lead to mutations.