Chapter 8

Question 0

Alternative certification programs

Answer 0

Programs whereby college graduates with degrees in fields other than education can become certified if they have “life experience” in industry, the military, or other relevant jobs.

Question 1

Alienation

Answer 1

A sense of powerlessness and meaninglessness in people’s lives.

Question 2

Barrios

Answer 2

Slums in the U.S. that are occupied primarily by Latinos.

Question 3

Bilingual education

Answer 3

In the U.S., teaching children in both English and their non-English native language.

Question 4

Bullying

Answer 4

Entails an imbalance of power that exists over a long period of time in which the more powerful intimidate or belittle others.

Question 5

Character education

Answer 5

Education that emphasizes the moral and ethical aspects of an individual.

Question 6

Charter schools

Answer 6

Schools that originate in contracts which articulate a plan of instruction that local or state authorities must approve.

Question 7

Crime

Answer 7

An act that is a violation of a federal, state, or local criminal law for which the state can apply sanctions.

Question 8

Culture

Answer 8

The meanings and ways of life that characterized a society, including beliefs, values, norms, sanctions, and symbols.

Question 9

Cultural imperialism

Answer 9

The indoctrination into the dominant culture of a society.

Question 10

Cyber-bullying

Answer 10

The use of electronic devices to send or post negative or hurtful messages or images about an individual or a group.

Question 11

Dependent variable

Answer 11

The variable that the researcher wants to explain; the variable of interest.

Question 12

E-learning

Answer 12

Learning on which, by time or place, the learner is separated from the teacher.

Question 13

Ethnicity

Answer 13

A shared cultural heritage or nationality.

Question 14

Four assurances

Answer 14

The four assurances refer to a state’s commitment to improving teacher quality, raising academic standards, intervening in failing schools, and developing assessment databases in return for federal dollars.

Question 15

Family

Answer 15

A kinship system of all relatives living together or recognized as a social unit.

Question 16

Gender

Answer 16

The social definitions and expectations associated either being female or male.

Question 17

Green schools

Answer 17

Schools that are “in harmony with the natural environment.”

Question 18

Head start

Answer 18

Helps preschool children from the most disadvantaged homes; provides an integrated program of health care, parental involvement, education, and social services for qualifying children.

Question 19

Homeschooling

Answer 19

The education of children at home instead of in a public or private school.

Question 20

Hypothesis

Answer 20

A prediction or educated guess about how one variable is related to another variable.

Question 21

Institution

Answer 21

An established and enduring pattern of social relationships.

Question 22

Integration hypothesis

Answer 22

A theory that the only way to achieve quality education for all racial and ethnic groups is to desegregate the schools.

Question 23

Mechanization

Answer 23

Dominant in an agricultural society, the use of tools to accomplish tasks previously done by hand.

Question 24

Multicultural education

Answer 24

Education that includes all racial and ethnic groups in the school curriculum, thereby promoting awareness and appreciation for cultural diversity.

Question 25

Parity

Answer 25

A concept requiring equality between mental health care insurance coverage and other health care coverage.

Question 26

Racism 2.0

Answer 26

A form of racism that allows for and celebrates the achievements of individuals of color who are viewed as having “transcended” their minority status.

Question 27

Race

Answer 27

A category of people who are believed to share distinct physical characteristics that are deemed socially significant.

Question 28

Racism

Answer 28

The belief that race accounts for differences in human character and ability and that a particular race is superior to others.

Question 29

Sample

Answer 29

A portion of the population, selected to be representative so that the info can be generalized to a larger population.

Question 30

School vouchers

Answer 30

Tax credits that are transferred to the public or private school that parents select for their children.

Question 31

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 31

A concept referring to the tendency for people to act in a manner consistent with expectations of others.

Question 32

Science

Answer 32

The process of discovering, explaining, and predicting natural or social phenomenon.

Question 33

Segregation

Answer 33

The physical separation of two groups in residence, workplace, and social functions.

Question 34

State

Answer 34

The organization of the central government and government agencies.

Question 35

Stereotypes

Answer 35

Exaggerations or generalizations about the characteristics and behavior of a particular group.

Question 36

Sexism

Answer 36

The belief that innate psychological, behavioral, and/or intellectual differences exist between women and men and that these differences connote the superiority of one group and the inferiority of the other.

Question 37

Status

Answer 37

A position that a person occupies within a social group.

Question 38

Technology

Answer 38

Activities that apply the principles of science and mechanics to the solutions of a specific problem.

Question 39

Symbol

Answer 39

Something that represents something else.

Question 40

Value-added measurement (VAM)

Answer 40

The use of student achievement data to assess teacher effectiveness.

Question 41

Values

Answer 41

Social agreements about what is considered good and bad, right and wrong, desirable and undesirable.

Question 42

Variable

Answer 42

Any measurable event, characteristic, or or property that varies or is subject to change.

Question 43

Stereotype threat

Answer 43

The tendency of minorities and women to perform poorly on high-stakes tests because of the anxiety created by the fear that a negative performance will validate societal stereotypes about one’s member group.